Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /2022-2024 Year 13 A-Level Psychology - Schizophrenia: Classification/Positive & Negative Symptoms Part 2
2022-2024 Year 13 A-Level Psychology - Schizophrenia: Classification/Positive & Negative Symptoms Part 2
This deck covers key concepts related to the classification, diagnosis, and symptoms of schizophrenia, including reliability, validity, symptom overlap, co-morbidity, and biases in diagnosis.
Someone reporting hearing voices. This is mark point 2 for
diagnosis definition
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Someone reporting hearing voices. This is mark point 2 for
diagnosis definition
Finish the mark point - Classification is the action or process of classifying something:
the classification of disease according to symptoms
A symptom of SZ is hallucinations. This is mark point 2 for
classification definition
Diagnosis is the i_ of the nature of an illness or other problem by e_ of the symptoms
identification, examination
The classification of disease is according to…
symptoms
Reliability refers to consistency. This refers to whether we can gain…
consistent results when classifying and diagnosing SZ
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Someone reporting hearing voices. This is mark point 2 for | diagnosis definition |
Finish the mark point - Classification is the action or process of classifying something: | the classification of disease according to symptoms |
A symptom of SZ is hallucinations. This is mark point 2 for | classification definition |
Diagnosis is the i_ of the nature of an illness or other problem by e_ of the symptoms | identification, examination |
The classification of disease is according to… | symptoms |
Reliability refers to consistency. This refers to whether we can gain… | consistent results when classifying and diagnosing SZ |
The extent to which two or more health professionals would agree on the same diagnosis, regardless of time period or culture is measured by | inter-rater reliability |
The extent to which different classification systems agree upon how schizophrenia should be classified is measured by | inter-rater reliability |
Validity refers to accuracy, this means | the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure (schizophrenia) |
An example of validity in classification of schizophrenia might be | whether the classification systems accurately outline the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia |
Are the classification systems accurately outlining the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia? This is an example of validity in | the classification of schizophrenia |
An example of validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia might be | whether health professionals accurately diagnose schizophrenia |
Are health professionals accurately diagnosing schizophrenia? This is an example of validity in | the diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Who investigated the reliability/validity in diagnosis/classification of schizophrenia? | Cheniaux (2009) |
How does Cheniaux (2009) show poor inter-rater reliability? | One psychiatrist diagnosed almost double the amount than the other psychiatrist |
What did Cheniaux (2009) do to investigate the reliability/validity in diagnosis/classification of schizophrenia? | Asked two psychiatrists to diagnose the same 100 patients using the DSM and ICD |
How does Cheniaux (2009) show poor reliability in the classification of schizophrenia? | Both psychiatrists diagnosed almost double the number of patients using the ICD than the DSM |
In Cheniaux (2009), both psychiatrists diagnosed almost double the number of patients using the ICD than the DSM. What does this show about reliability/validity? | Poor reliability in the classification of schizophrenia, poor validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia |
How does Cheniaux (2009) show poor validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? | Both psychiatrists diagnosed almost double the number of patients using the ICD than the DSM |
Symptom overlap is where | two or more conditions share similar symptoms |
An example of symptom overlap is | both schizophrenia and depression involve negative symptoms such as avolition |
Name the key term - This is where two or more conditions share similar symptoms | Symptom overlap |
Name the key term - This is where two illnesses/conditions occur at the same time | Co-morbidity |
Co-morbidity is where | two illnesses/conditions occur at the same time |
What other conditions is schizophrenia commonly diagnosed with and why? | Depression and/or OCD as they share common symptoms, i.e. lowered motivation/mood |
An example of co-morbidity is | Schizophrenia is commonly diagnosed with other conditions such a depression and/or OCD as they share common symptoms, i.e. lowered motivation/mood |
Why is co-morbidity a problem? | It means schizophrenia may not exist as a distinct condition which may lead to misdiagnosis |
Schizophrenia may not exist as a distinct condition, which may lead to misdiagnosis. This is a problem of | co-morbidity |
How has gender bias been seen in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? | Since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women |
What might be a reason behind men being diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women? | Men are more genetically vulnerable to developing schizophrenia |
What might be a reason behind men being diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women? | Females with schizophrenia typically function better than men, being more likely to work and have good family relationships - therefore their symptoms may be masked by good interpersonal skills (Cotton et al) |
How has culture bias been seen in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? | English people of African origin are much more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia in the UK |
What might be a reason behind the higher diagnosis rates of English people of African origin in the UK? | Some behaviours classed as positive symptoms of schizophrenia are normal in African cultures (e.g. hearing voices as part of ancestor communication) |
Symptom overlap questions the… | validity and reliability of the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Why does symptom overlap question the validity and reliability of the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia? | Because an individual may be diagnosed with the wrong disorder |
As a result of symptom overlap, an individual may be diagnosed with the wrong disorder. What are the consequences of this? | Individuals may not receive appropriate treatment |
Which researcher concluded that 50% of patients with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression, and 23% of schizophrenia patients are also diagnosed with OCD? | Buckley et al. (2009) |
As a result of co-morbidity, two conditions may be better seen as one. What might doctors do as a result? | Diagnose the wrong condition |
Women who share similar symptoms as men may not receive the same diagnosis as their symptoms seem mild. What is the issue here? | Gender bias |