Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology Attachment: Stages Of Attachment Part 2
2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology Attachment: Stages Of Attachment Part 2
This deck covers the stages of attachment in infants, based on Schaffer and Emerson's research. It includes key concepts, findings, and evaluations of their study.
How old are infants who are in the asocial stage of attachment?
A few weeks old
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
How old are infants who are in the asocial stage of attachment?
A few weeks old
When infants are a few weeks old, which stage of attachment are they in?
Asocial
How old are infants who display behaviour of the indiscriminate stage of attachment?
2-7 months old
When infants are 2-7 months old, which stage of attachment are they in?
Indiscriminate
How old are infants when they begin to form specific attachments?
around 7 months
At around 7 months, what stage of attachment do infants show?
Specific attachment
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
How old are infants who are in the asocial stage of attachment? | A few weeks old |
When infants are a few weeks old, which stage of attachment are they in? | Asocial |
How old are infants who display behaviour of the indiscriminate stage of attachment? | 2-7 months old |
When infants are 2-7 months old, which stage of attachment are they in? | Indiscriminate |
How old are infants when they begin to form specific attachments? | around 7 months |
At around 7 months, what stage of attachment do infants show? | Specific attachment |
How old are infants when they begin to form an attachment to their fathers? | 18 months old (75% of infants) |
At 18 months old, 75% of infants can form an attachment to who? | Their fathers |
What did Schaffer and Emerson conclude about attachment? | Infants can form attachment in stages, multiple attachments can be formed. |
AO3: Schaffer and Emerson's research into stages of attachment is praised for high ecological validity. Why? | They conducted observations in the families own home (realistic everyday environment) |
AO3: Schaffer and Emerson conducted their research through observations in the families own homes during ordinary daily activities within the home. Why is this a strength of the research? | higher ecological validity; easier to generalise findings to real life examples of attachment |
AO3: If Schaffer and Emerson's research into stages of attachment has high ecological validity, what validity does this increase? | External validity |
AO3: Schaffer and Emerson's research is prone to social desirability bias. Why is this? | Interviews were used to gather information about the child's behaviour/attachments and mothers may have wanted to show themselves in a good light. This may mean they said their children were more distressed on separation than they actually were. |
AO3: Interviews were used in Schaffer and Emerson's research to gather information about the infants from their mothers. Why is this an issue? | It makes the research prone to social desirability bias |
AO3: Schaffer and Emerson's research is prone to social desirability bias. Does this reduce the internal validity or the external validity of the research? | Internal validity |
AO3: Why are the interviews used by Schaffer and Emerson prone to social desirability? | The mothers may lie about their child's behaviour to present their parenting in the best possible light. |
AO3: Why is Schaffer and Emerson's research Culture bias? | Sample from Glasgow (same city) |
A03: The sample from Schaffer and Emerson's research included 60 working class newborn babies and their mothers from Glasgow. Why is this an issue? | Culture Bias |
Schaffer and Emerson's research was longitudinal. What does this mean? | The same children were followed up and observed regularly (every month for their first year of life). |
AO3: Schaffer and Emerson's research is a longitudinal study. Why is this a strength? | removes the confounding variable of individual differences between children |
What is stage one and what behaviour can you expect to see from an infant in this stage? | Asocial - first few weeks. Infants behaviour to adults and inanimate objects is similar. However, infants are happier when in the presence of other humans. |
What is stage two and what behaviour can you expect to see from an infant in this stage? | Indiscriminate (2-7 months) - infants show a preference to people over inanimate objects but usually do not show stranger or separation anxiety. |
What is stage three and what behaviour can you expect to see from an infant in this stage? | Specific - from around 7 months infants start to form attachments and show separation and stranger anxiety when separated from their primary caregiver. In 65% of cases, the specific attachment was with the mother. |
What is stage four and what behaviour would you expect to see from an infant in this stage? | Within 1 month of forming a specific attachment, 29% of children formed multiple attachments. By 1 year most infants had multiple attachments. At 18 months, 75% of children had an attachment with their father. |