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A-level Biology - 3.2.3 Cholera

Biology17 CardsCreated about 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to cholera, including its cause, transmission, symptoms, and treatment. It provides detailed insights into the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and the mechanisms of disease, as well as prevention and rehydration strategies.

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What is the cause of cholera?

Bacterium - Vibrio cholerae
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is the cause of cholera?
Bacterium - Vibrio cholerae
Describe the physical appearance of Vibrio cholerae
Curved, rod-shaped bacterium Has a flagellum
Name 4 ways cholera is transmitted
Drinking water that hasn’t been purified Untreated sewage leaching into water courses Contaminated food Eating other organisms (e.g. shell fish) that ...
Name 3 precautions to prevent the transmission of cholera
Effective water / sewage treatment Improved hygiene Vaccination Prevent water contamination Quarantining of affected area
Name two symptoms of cholera
Diarrhoea Dehydration
Describe how cholera bacterium causes disease (6 steps)
In small intestine: bacteria uses its flagella to go through mucus lining of intestine Produce toxin protein which binds to specific receptors on cell...
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A-level Biology - 3.2.3 Cholera
TermDefinition
What is the cause of cholera?
Bacterium - Vibrio cholerae
Describe the physical appearance of Vibrio cholerae
Curved, rod-shaped bacterium Has a flagellum
Name 4 ways cholera is transmitted
Drinking water that hasn’t been purified Untreated sewage leaching into water courses Contaminated food Eating other organisms (e.g. shell fish) that have fed on untreated sewage
Name 3 precautions to prevent the transmission of cholera
Effective water / sewage treatment Improved hygiene Vaccination Prevent water contamination Quarantining of affected area
Name two symptoms of cholera
Diarrhoea Dehydration
Describe how cholera bacterium causes disease (6 steps)
In small intestine: bacteria uses its flagella to go through mucus lining of intestine Produce toxin protein which binds to specific receptors on cell membrane Toxic protein causes ion channels to open & chloride ions move into lumen Loss of ions from epithelial cells = concentration gradient → ions diffuse into epithelial cells from surrounding tissues & blood ↓Ψw in lumen = water move by osmosis from blood/tissues into lumen down Ψw gradient Less water reabsorbed = symptoms of cholera
Why does the cholera toxin (exotoxin) only affects the small intestine?
Exotoxin specific to epithelial cells in small intestine Only binds to these specific receptors on membrane ∵ they’re complementary shape of exotoxin
Name 3 causes of diarrhoea
Damage to epithelial cells lining intestine Loss of microvilli due to toxins Excessive secretion of water due to toxins
What is just drinking water ineffective to cure cholera?
Water is not being absorbed from intestine Doesn’t replace electrolytes (ions) that are being lost from epithelial cells of intestine
Name 5 things a rehydration solution contains
Water Sodium Potassium Glucose Other electrolytes
Why does a rehydration solution contain sodium?
To replace sodium ions lost from epithelium of intestine
Why does a rehydration solution contain water?
To rehydrate tissues
Why does a rehydration solution contain potassium?
Replace lost potassium ions and stimulate appetite
Why does a rehydration solution contain glucose?
To stimulate uptake of sodium ions i.e. make use of the sodium-glucose carrier proteins & provide energy
Why does a rehydration solution contain electrolytes?
Help prevent electrolyte imbalance
How should the rehydration solution be taken?
Regularly and in large amounts, throughout illness
Explain how an oral rehydration solution replaces water lost by diarrhoea (4)
Increase uptake of sodium ions/glucose By (sodium-glucose) co-transport carrier proteins Lowers water potential in cell/tissue Water moves out of intestine/into cells by osmosis