A-Level PE AQA Sport and Society: Social Action Theory

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest

The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

A lifelong process where members of a society learns its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society

Refers to socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family

Occurs during the later years when the family is less involved and other ‘agencies’ are deliberately set up for the socialisation process and begin to exert more and more influence

A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviours are regulated in social system

An established organisation founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose

An alteration in the social order of a society

The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capabilities

To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts

The unfair treatment of a person, or minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice

Overt and covert discrimination

Visible and obvious such as verbal racism or abuse towards a player

Hidden and less obvious such as non selection of an individual as captain because of their race

Making generalisations about all members of a group/an individual due to them belonging to a certain group.

. Improve health and fitness
. Reduces BP
. Meeting new people
. Making new friends
. Higher levels of self confidence
. Perform better at work
. Money put into equipment/facilities gives people jobs which benefits country financially

. Lack of time
. Negative social influences such as poor PE experiences
. Lack of motivation
. Lack of skill
. Lack of resources/costs of participation
. Family obligations/domestic responsibilities

The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.

An alteration in the social order of a society

When institutions re-adjust to meet new needs of groups in society such as woman

. Lack of money
. Lack of self confidence
. Lack of role models/coaches/leaders
. Myths or stereotypes - women, ethnics, disabled

Problems that affect many people in society

The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within society

Organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society; class is common structure in UK

System of rankings within society, eg by wealth, power etc

A term used to define social inequalities ie certain groups have more access to wealth, income, and power than others. Factors which contribute to social class include a persons job, family background, education and income

This is a way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the active roles people have in shaping society/social life ie based on social action such as our interactions and negotiations with each other

It is the study of how individuals behave within society. It is a theoretical process which stems from social processes.

. Poor access to facilities
. Negative attitude towards disabled people in sports
. Lack of media coverage for disabled sports
. Lack of confidence
. Lower income
. Poor disability sport programmes/coach

• providing facilities or equipment

• educating staff and the public

• increase coverage for disabled sports

• subsiding fees for disabled sports

• provide training for disabled sports players

• set up NGBs who can plan programmes for disabled sports

. Conflict with religious/cultural observances
. Discouragement - higher value placed on education rather than sport
. Fear of racism/prejudice or discrimination
.Fewer role models - especially in coaching/managerial positions
. Fear of rejection/low levels of self-esteem
. Stereotyping/channelling into certain sports and away from others
. Language barriers

• Training more ethnic minority coaches/teachers/leaders and educating them on effects of stereotyping

• Ensuring single-sex provision, e.g for Muslim women

• Publicising and punishing racist abuse

• Improving PE provision for ethnic preferences, e.g relaxing kit rules and showering procedures

• Organising campaigns against racism, e.g 'Kick it Out'

. Fewer role models/opportunities to become full time sports performers
. Fewer sponsorship opportunities
. Negative impact of school PE programmes, e.g rules on showering/kit; lack of appealing choice of activities
. Low levels of self-esteem/body image issues
. Lack of leisure time - work/domestic responsibilities
. Lack of disposable income
. Channelling into certain 'female appropriate' sports
. Fewer competitions/clubs available
. Women lack aggression for some sports
. Pressure on women to be thin as opposed to healthy

• Laws make sex discriminations unlawful

• More women working - increased disposable income

• Shared domestic responsibilities - more leisure time

• Improved childcare provision/provide creches

• Increased media coverage of women's sports - more role models

• Increased sponsorship for women's sport

• Educate to reject stereotypical myths/improved PE provision

• Providing more opportunities to join sports clubs

• Making changing rooms/sports facilities clean and attractive

• Promoting women's sports through Sport England and WSFF

. Decreased risk of developing heart disease/suffering a stroke
. Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
. Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
. Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
. Strengthening of bones - reduced risk of osteoporosis

. Improved posture/body shape/body tone as a result of weight loss
. Improved CVF, MS, and ME
. Improved flexibility, agility, balance and coordination
. Improved speed, reaction time and power

. Exercise causes the body to release chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins, which have a calming effect and help a person to feel happier and this causes them to have a more positive outlook on life
. Improved sleep patterns which enhances mood and relationships
. Boost in a persons mood can also help improve skills of concentration and allows a clearer focus on relationships

. Confidence and self-esteem improves which means they are likely to increase
. Involvements in sport/exercise becomes increasingly likely
. Introduces people to new people who share a common interest; this may lead to an increased sense of community
. Physical activity is a positive use of free time which can keep individuals out of trouble and decrease criminality as a result

Increase participation in sport/physical activity

. Physical well-being
. Mental well-being
. Individual development
. Social and community development
. Economic development

It will benefit those who are behind a barrier in sport and especially those who are under represented in sport

. woman/teenage girls
. ethnic minorities
. disabled people

. Focus money and resources on tacking in activity
. Investing more in children and young people from the age of 5
. To help those who are active now to carry on participating
. Helping the sport/active leisure sectors to become more welcoming and inclusive
. Help deliver a more joined up experience of sport and physical activity for customers
. Encourage innovation and sharing of best practice

They offer programmes that are spread throughout the country and these programmes are delivered regionally/locally to meet specific local needs

It is a national network of local agencies working together to increase participation in sport and physical activity.

They work with a number of sport/physical activity providers, who are committed to increasing participation across their network

. English federation of disability sports
. sporting equals
. women in sport
. street games
. NGB's

It is a national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity

An organisation that exists to actively promote ethnic diversity across sport and physical activity.

It aims to make being active more attractive to woman and teenage girls by trying to break down the barriers which are putting them off participating in sport/physical activity

It is the new name for Womens Sports and Fitness Foundation

A national charity dedicated to developing sport in disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances