A-LEVEL PE (OCR): PAPER 1 - Injury Prevention

sudden injury associated with a traumatic event

• collision

• fall

• excessive impact

• football - fracture metatarsal - kicking ball

- netball - sprain ankle - bad landing

• pain

• swelling

• bruising

• lack of movement

• disfiguration

slowly developed injury associated with overuse

• sudden increase in intensity / frequency / duration

• reduction in recovery

• warm up / cool-down

damage to the bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations

damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament, including tears, strains and sprains

• fractures

- dislocations

PARTIAL or COMPLETE break in the bone due to an EXCESSIVE FORCE that overcomes the bone’s POTENTIAL TO FLEX

• compound (open)

• simple (closed)

• incomplete

• complete

• greenstick

• transverse / oblique / spiral

• comminuted

• impacted

• avulsion

fractured bone breaks through the skin, creating an OPEN WOUND with high risk of infection

skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes LITTLE MOVEMENT of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the SOFT TISSUE surrounding it

PARTIAL CRACK in the bone that doesn’t completely separate the bone

TOTAL BREAK in the bone which separates the bone into one or more FRAGMENTS

SPLITTING PARTIAL BREAK in the bone resulting from a BENDING ACTION

PERPENDICULAR CRACK across the length of the bone

DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

TWISTING DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

CRACK producing MULTIPLE FRAGMENTS of bone and a long recovery process

BREAK caused by the ends of a bone being COMPRESSED together

bone fragment DETACHED at the site of connective tissue attachment

the DISPLACEMENT of one bone from another out of their ORIGINAL POSITION

direct force = collision

indirect force = a fall

• shoulder

• hip

• knee

• ankle

• elbow

• fingers

• toes

• severe pain

• loss of movement

• deformity

• swelling

• 'pop' feeling

incomplete / partial dislocation = overstretched ligament = permanently lengthened = decrease joint stability

• contusions (bruises) and haematoma

• sprain

• strain

• abrasion

• blisters

ruptured blood vessels in skin or tissue

COMPLETE TEAR of a muscle, tendon or ligaments

localised CONGEALED bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels

OVERSTRETCH or tear in the LIGAMENTS

• impact / fall = beyond RoM

• pain

• swelling

• bruising

• inability to bear weight

• dislocation

overstretch of ligaments

partial tear of ligaments

total rupture of ligaments

OVERSTRETCH or tear in the MUSCLE or TENDON

contracting muscle fibres too quickly

badminton - lunging for drop shot

| 100m - running out blocks

• pain

• swelling

• discolouration

• bruising

minor damage to fibres

extensive damage but no complete rupture

complete rupture = surgery

SUPERFICIAL DAMAGE to the SKIN caused by scraping it against a surface

• falling on athletics track / astro / netball pitch

laceration

suturing

FRICTION forming SEPARATION of layers of SKIN where a pockets of FLUID forms

a traumatic BRAIN INJURY resulting from a disturbance of BRAIN FUNCTION

• headache

• dizziness

• balance problems

• nausea

• unconscious (10% of cases)

• direct hit to the head

| - impact in other areas that cause rapid movement of head

impact = acceleration against rough inner wall = rebounds = swelling in biochemistry = confusion

DEGENERATION of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE from the bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

skier - knee - osteoarthritis

| basketball - tibia - stress fracture

stress fractures

TINY CRACK in the surface of a bone caused by overuse

• distance running

• tennis

• gymnastics

• basketball

• lower body

| - tibia

• intensive overload

• unfamiliar surface
  inappropriate equipment

• shin splints

| - tendinosis

chronic SHIN PAIN due to the inflammation of muscles and stress on the TENDON ATTACHMENTS to the surface of the tibia

medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

OUTGROWTHS of BONE into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

DETERIORATION of a TENDON in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain

• achilles tendinosis

| - tennis elbow

pain and deterioration of the tendon in the HEEL due to overuse and repetitive strain

TENDON pain in the FOREARM due to chronic overuse and repetitive strain

• burning

• stinging

• aching

• tenderness

• stiffness

• wrist

• forearm

• elbow

• shoulder

• knee

• heel

• muscle strain = legs = explosive movement

| - ankle sprain = dynamic movement

• back strains = repetitive movement

| - knee sprain = dynamic movement

• abrasions and boot-stud injuries = tackling

| - knee sprain = dynamic movement

• tennis elbow = repetitive movements

| - muscle strain = repetitive movements

15-25 females

19%

• high impact and dynamic

| - football / rugby / athletics

• intrinsic risk factors

| - extrinsic risk factors

risks of force from WITHIN the body

• individual variables

| - training effects

risks of force from OUTSIDE the body

• poor technique

• incorrect equipment

• inappropriate intensity / duration / frequency

• previous injury

• posture and alignment

• age

• nutrition

• poor preparation = warm up, nutrition, sleep, hydration

• inadequate fitness level = early fatigue leads to poor technique

• inappropriate flexibility = limited RoM

• excessive stress on muscles

| - limits strength, power and speed

• 
  accelerates onset of injury

| - child starting tennis shouldn't use full size racket

• cricket = knee pads

• boxing = gum shield, gloves

• netball = ankle braces (stability)

second skin = (gymnasts) to increase RoM
contain padding = reduces external impact (American football)
aerodynamic = decrease friction (Cyclists)