A-Level Psychology - PAPER 3 - Schizophrenia
Hallucinations – sensing things that aren’t there (e.g., hearing voices). Delusions – false, irrational beliefs (e.g., thinking one is being watched).
What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?
hallucinations
delusions
catatonic behaviour
disorganised speech
Key Terms
What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?
hallucinations
delusions
catatonic behaviour
disorganised speech
What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?
affective flattening
anhedonia
speech poverty
avolition
Describe HALLUCINATIONS
hearing voices
feeling bugs
smelling things
Describe DELUSIONS
being followed
paranoid
hacked phone
secret messages on tv
Describe CATATONIC BEHAVIOUR
loss in motivation
unhygienic
abnormal activity - dress in winter clothes in summer
Describe DISORGANISED SPEECH
abnormal speech
word salad
gibberish
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ? | hallucinations delusions catatonic behaviour disorganised speech |
What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ? | affective flattening anhedonia speech poverty avolition |
Describe HALLUCINATIONS | hearing voices feeling bugs smelling things |
Describe DELUSIONS | being followed paranoid hacked phone secret messages on tv |
Describe CATATONIC BEHAVIOUR | loss in motivation unhygienic abnormal activity - dress in winter clothes in summer |
Describe DISORGANISED SPEECH | abnormal speech word salad gibberish |
Describe AFFECTIVE FLATTENING | reduced range of emotional intensity body language / eye contact prosody - speech cues (volume / tone) |
Describe ANHEDONIA | reduction in pleasure of activities persuasive = all-embracing social = loss of social activity physical = food + body contact |
Describe SPEECH POVERTY | not being able to speak fluently - thoughts are blocked |
Describe AVOLITION | disinterest in activities stay at home isolation |
What is DIAGNOSTIC RELIABILITY ? | a diagnosis of SZ must be repeatable |
What is TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY ? | clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time |
What is INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ? | different clinicians reaching the same conclusion |
How is inter-rater reliability measured ? | kappa score |
What is considered perfect inter-rater reliability ? | kappa score of 1 |
What was the kappa score for SZ in the DSM-V ? | 0.46 = not reliable |
How does culture impact the diagnosis of SZ ? | culture has an influence on the diagnostic process |
Who researched the cultural differences in diagnosis of SZ ? | Copeland 2. Luhrman |
Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences | 134 US psychiatrists 194 UK psychiatrists description of patient 69% US diagnosed SZ 2% UK diagnosed SZ |
Describe Luhrman’s research into cultural differences | 60 SZ adults (Ghana, India, US) African & Indian = positive experiences w/ voices US = no positive experiences voices might not be an inevitable feature of SZ |
What is VALIDITY ? | are we measuring what we’re claiming to measure ? |
What is CRITERION VALIDITY ? | is the diagnosis an accurate reflection of the disorder ? |
When does GENDER BIAS occur in the diagnosis of SZ ? | when accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on gender of the individual clinicians basing judgements on stereotypical beliefs |
Who studied gender bias ? | Broverman 2. Longenecker |
Describe Broverman's research into gender bias | US clinicians equated healthy 'adult' behaviour to healthy 'male' behaviour tendency for women to be seen as less mentally healthy (androcentric) |
Describe Longenecker's research into gender bias | since 1980s men diagnosed with SZ more more genetically vulnerable OR high functioning of women (Cotton et al) interpersonal function = bias clinician to under-diagnose symptoms are masked |
What is SYMPTOM OVERLAP ? | symptoms of SZ are found in other disorders | - depression, bipolar disorder |
Who researched symptom overlap ? | Ellason and Ross | 2. Read |
Describe Ellason and Ross' research into symptom overlap | those with dissociative identity disorder had more SZ symptoms than SZ patients |
Describe Read's research into symptom overlap | most people diagnosed with SZ have SUFFICIENT SYMPTOMS of other disorders e.g. AVOLITION - DEPRESSION |
What is CO-MORBIDITY ? | the extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time |