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A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 2

Biology30 CardsCreated about 2 months ago

This deck covers the structures and functions of various cell organelles, focusing on differences between fungal and plant cells, and the roles of cellular components like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and more.

What are two differences between fungal and plant cells?

Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin and lack chloroplasts.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are two differences between fungal and plant cells?
Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin and lack chloroplasts.
What is the function of the cell-surface (plasma) membrane?
Regulates movement of substances into and out of cells and has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Holds the genetic information of the cell.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes RNA and ribosomes.
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins.
What is the function of chromosomes?
Provides instructions for the cell.

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TermDefinition
What are two differences between fungal and plant cells?
Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin and lack chloroplasts.
What is the function of the cell-surface (plasma) membrane?
Regulates movement of substances into and out of cells and has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Holds the genetic information of the cell.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes RNA and ribosomes.
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins.
What is the function of chromosomes?
Provides instructions for the cell.
What is the function of nuclear pores?
Allow passages of large molecules, such as RNA.
What is the nucleoplasm?
Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Controls entry/exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and reactions within it.
Where is chloroplast found?
In plant cells and some protoctists.

Describe the structure of a chloroplast.

Two membranes (chloroplast envelope) filled with fluid

  • Membranes stacked into layers known as thylakoids

  • A whole stack of thylakoid membranes is known as a granum

  • Fluid-filled matrix = stroma (starch grains are found there)

Where is chlorophyll found?
In thylakoids and lamellae.

Name three adaptations of chloroplast.

  • Granal membranes = large surface area for enzymes, etc (for 1st stage of photosynthesis)

  • Fluid of stroma = possess all enzymes (for 2nd stage of photosynthesis)

  • Chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes = can quickly manufacture some proteins for photosynthesis

What is the function of chloroplast?
Absorbs light for photosynthesis.

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion.

  • Have double membrane filled with fluid

    • Inner membrane is highly folded & called cristae

    • Inner section is called matrix

What does the matrix in mitochondria contain?
Enzymes involved in respiration.

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

Site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced/energy released

Describe the structure of endoplasmic reticulum.

Made up of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae

What is the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in?
Ribosomes.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Modifies and transports proteins made on ribosomes.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes and processes lipids.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver cells?

Involved in breaking down toxins.

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

  • Not a stable structure = constantly changing

  • Stacks of membrane-bound flattened sacs

What is the function of a Golgi vesicle?

Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus & transport them out of the cell

What is the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in?

Ribosomes

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Modifies and transports proteins made on ribosomes

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesises and processes lipids

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver cells?

Involved in breaking down toxins

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

Not a stable structure = constantly changing

Stacks of membrane-bound flattened sacs