Anatomy & Physiology: Exam Chapter 2

Anything that occupies space and has mass

The amount of matter in an object

The gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass.

Element - simplest type of matter having unique properties

Atom - smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element. (neutrons, protons, electrons - no mass, most of the volume of an atom)

Nucleus - formed by protons and neurons (accounts for most of atom’s mass but very little of volume)

A complete transfer of electrons between two atoms - results in separate positively charged and negatively charged ions.

A charged atom: an atom that has lost or gained electrons

Cation - positive ion
Anion - negative ion

Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Covalent bonds form molecules.

The sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms.

When two atoms share 4 electrons, two from each atom.

An equal sharing of electrons between two atoms - even charge distribution among atoms of the molecule.

An unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms - resulting in a slightly positive charge on one side of molecule and slightly negative charge on other side of molecule.

A compound is a type of molecule.

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms of an element chemically join together. If the types of atoms are different from each other, a compound is formed.

Not all molecules are compounds, since some molecules, such as hydrogen gas or ozone, consist only of one element or type of atom.

Add up atomic masses of atoms involved

The ability of one substance to dissolve in another.

Charged & polar substances readily dissolve.
Nonpolar substances do not readily dissolve.

SOLUTE DISSOLVES IN SOLVENT.

The attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule - holds molecules or parts of molecules together.

When ionic compounds dissolve, their ions dissociate from one another becasue cations are attracted to negative ends of water molecules and anions are attracted to positive ends of water molecules.

Reactants - substances that enter chemical reaction

Products - substances that result from chemical reaction

When two ore more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product.

ANABOLISM! (all synthesis reactions)

Dehydration reaction is when water is produced (water comes OUT of the reaction)

When a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products.

CATABOLISM! (all decomposition reactions)

Hydrolysis reaction occurs if water split into two parts and each part contributes to each new molecule.

All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body.

An oxidation-reduction reaction.

Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons between the reactants.

Na+ - Cl-

Complete transfer? Ionic bond
Partial transfer? Covalent bond

Loss of an electron

Gain of an electron.

Temperature
Concentration of reactants - as concentration increases, rate of reaction increases
Catalysts

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently changed or depleted itself.

Proteins that act as catalysts. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to begin. Allows the rate of a chemical reaction to take place more than a million x faster.

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms that sustain life.

Bodies need to obtain energy through proteins, fats, carbs and nucleic acids. The food we eat may not contain these variables specifically, so we break down (catabolism: cutting) the food into what our bodies need (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose or nucleotides) then rebuild these components (anabolism) to create the energy our cells need to sustain life - ATP.

Attraction of water to another water molecule.

Example: surface tension when water bulges over top of full glass without spilling.

Attractive force of hydrogen bonds with water will also attract other molecules.

Plasma (liquid portion of blood) is 92% water

Water weight of body is 50-60%. (female - male)

Stabilizing body temperature
Protection (lubricant/cushion)
Chemical reactions (dehydration/hydrolysis)
Mixing medium

Combination of two or more substances physically blended together.

NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED.

Mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended.

SAND IN WATER

Mixture in which substances are distributed throughout a dispersing substance (mix).

MILK

Any mixture of liquids, gases or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between them.

TOMATO SOUP OR IV BAG

Blood is a mixture (red/white cells can settle), a solution (mix of water, cells, etc) and a colloid (plasmas have proteins mixed in).

A proton donor.

A proton acceptor and any substance that binds to (accepts) H+.

A solution with equal concentrations of H+ and OH-.

Pure water is a solution with a pH of 7.

A solution with a pH that is LESS THAN 7.

Has greater concentration of…

H+ > OH-

A basic (alkaline) solution has a pH GREATER THAN 7.

Has greater concentration of…

H+ < OH-

7.35 - 7.45

Acidosis

Alkalosis

A compound consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.

Formed by the interaction of an acid and base in which the H+ of acid are replaced by positive ions of the base.

NaCl

Chemicals that resist changes in pH when either acids or bases are added to a solution.

IMPORTANT BUFFERS

Bicarbonate
Phosphates
Amino acids
Proteins

An inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond.

Required in final step of a series of reactions that extract energy from food molecules.

One carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms. Each oxygen atom is bound to the carbon atom by a double covalent bond.

Produced when organic molecules, like glucose, are metabolized within the cells.

CO2 combines with the water in plasma, forming H+ as a byproduct and affecting the acid/base balance.

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Primarily consist of C, H and O atoms.
Range from small to very large
Major energy source

FATS!
Composed of C, H and O atoms.
Relatively insoluble in H2O.

Protection

Insulation

Physiological regulation

Component of cell membranes

Energy source

Composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes I.

Functions:

Regulate processes

Aid transport

Protection

Muscle contraction

Structure

Energy

Composed of C, H, O, N and P.

Examples: ATP, DNA, RNA

Creates gene structure & transfer of genes.