Animal Behaviour - Medical Problems
Behaviour ultimately occurs as a result of the internal appraisal of external stimuli. An animal processes environmental inputs based on its physical and emotional state, past experiences, and motivations, leading to a behavioural response aimed at adapting to the situation.
What does behaviour ultimately occur due to?
A consequence of internal appraisal of external stimuli
Key Terms
What does behaviour ultimately occur due to?
A consequence of internal appraisal of external stimuli
What four factors influence behavioural changes?
Changes in external stimuli
perception of stimuli
factors influencing appraisal
ability to display behaviour
Give an example of medical conditions which can impact at each level of stimulus response and thus influence behaviour
Sensory perception - otitis, halucinations
threat appraisal - oestrogen
emotional response - concurrent pain
motor output - neuro...
Give eg.s of conditions affecting the vision
Cataracts, PRA,glaucoma, keratoconjuntivitus sicca/corneal ulceration
Give conditions that affect the hearing
Otitis externa/media
Give conditions that affect olfaction
URTIs
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What does behaviour ultimately occur due to? | A consequence of internal appraisal of external stimuli |
What four factors influence behavioural changes? | Changes in external stimuli perception of stimuli factors influencing appraisal ability to display behaviour |
Give an example of medical conditions which can impact at each level of stimulus response and thus influence behaviour | Sensory perception - otitis, halucinations threat appraisal - oestrogen emotional response - concurrent pain motor output - neuromuscular disease ability to show behaviour - osteoarthritis |
Give eg.s of conditions affecting the vision | Cataracts, PRA,glaucoma, keratoconjuntivitus sicca/corneal ulceration |
Give conditions that affect the hearing | Otitis externa/media |
Give conditions that affect olfaction | URTIs |
Give conditions that affect taste | URTIs, oral disease eg. gingivitis |
Give a condition that affects touch | Sensory neuropathy |
Give a condition that affects balance | Vestibular disease |
What are the three ares of the neural pathway for sensory perception that may be damaged? | The sensory organ Sensory nerve pathways Somatosensory cortex |
What are the three forms of sensory neuropathy? | Allodynia - nonpainful stimuli feel painful Paraesthesia - perception of touch when not present Hyperaesthesia - increased sensitivity to touch |
What are the different forms of nerve damage? | Generation of ectopic impulses Attempted nerve regrowth Immune mediators activating other local nerves Spinal and central sensitisation |
Which areas of the brain are involved in threat appraisal | Multiple areas eg retrieval of memory from hippocampus |
Give a metabolic or endocrine disease that can affect behaviour | Hepatic Encephalopathy |
How does hepatic encephalopathy influence the limbic system? | Direct effect eg. Ectopic focus Effect on inhibitory pathways from prefrontal cortex |
Give an example of a condition affecting the motor cortex | Ectopic focus - fixed action tics |
Give an example of a condition caused by spinal damage | Loss of bladder tone |
Give an example of a condition affecting motor nerves | Diabetic polyneuropathy |
Give an example of a condition affecting the NMJ | myasthenia gravis |
Which conditions will affect the ability/desire of an animal to display behaviours | Muscular problems eg.myopathies (infection/immune mediated/inherited) Skeletal joint disease Other pain |
In what two ways may current pain affect behaviour? | Direct response to pain eg. Licking area or not using limb Emotional component of pain affecting appraisal of other stimuli w |
How may previous pain affect behaviours? | Learnt avoidance response Eg. Aggression towards stroking area where painful abscess has been Avoidance of other dogs due to osteoarthritic joint pain |
How may idiopathic cystitis be diagnosed? | Rule out other causes Double contrast cystotraphy/ultrasonography -> focal/diffuse thickening of bladder wall, irregularities in bladder mucosa History of disease |
What are the behavoiural signs of FIC? | Change in elimination posture to standing to alleviate pain (do not confuse with spraying) Excessive grooming Of ventrocaudal abdomen and perineal region Changes in demeanour and interaction with owners - anxiety or aggression Changes in location of urination due to pain - learnt avoidance of specific context of urination due to the pain Behavioural changes prior to elimination as predicting that it will be painful eg. Vocalisation, restlessness, v/^ owner contact |