Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP® Psychology Cognition Part 2
AP® Psychology Cognition Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in cognition, including memory phenomena, language development, and types of interference and amnesia.
Who first established primacy, recency, and the serial position curve?
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Who first established primacy, recency, and the serial position curve?
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
“Oh, what’s that actress’ name? The blonde one, she’s in all those romantic comedies, she was married to that other actor, and she was on a soap opera as a kid. Why can’t I remember her name?”
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is preventing us from recalling information we already know. The semantic network theory believes we are trying to co...
What is a flashbulb memory?
A flashbulb memory is like your brain taking a picture of an event and storing it in your memory. It can help explain why people can recall where they...
When you are sad, why could your memory make you even sadder?
Mood-congruent memory is the process of recalling memories that match our moods. So if you are sad, you will remember other sad memories, but if you a...
What phenomenon says you should sit in the same seat on a test day that you sat in when you learned the material that will be on the test?
State-dependent learning research shows that we recall memories better when we simulate the environment in which we made them.
Why might someone's previously repressed memory of child abuse be unreliable in court?
Research has shown that memories that have been recovered may actually be constructed (or reconstructed) memories. Constructed memories can be inaccur...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Who first established primacy, recency, and the serial position curve? | Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) |
“Oh, what’s that actress’ name? The blonde one, she’s in all those romantic comedies, she was married to that other actor, and she was on a soap opera as a kid. Why can’t I remember her name?” | The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is preventing us from recalling information we already know. The semantic network theory believes we are trying to connect cues we hold about the identity of the actress until we can link the cues to her name, even though we are unable to recall the name immediately. |
What is a flashbulb memory? | A flashbulb memory is like your brain taking a picture of an event and storing it in your memory. It can help explain why people can recall where they were during an important event in a culture, like September 11, 2001, or when President Kennedy was killed. |
When you are sad, why could your memory make you even sadder? | Mood-congruent memory is the process of recalling memories that match our moods. So if you are sad, you will remember other sad memories, but if you are happy, you will recall other happy memories. |
What phenomenon says you should sit in the same seat on a test day that you sat in when you learned the material that will be on the test? | State-dependent learning research shows that we recall memories better when we simulate the environment in which we made them. |
Why might someone's previously repressed memory of child abuse be unreliable in court? | Research has shown that memories that have been recovered may actually be constructed (or reconstructed) memories. Constructed memories can be inaccurate or made up, or they could even have been implanted by a therapist, family member, or from something like a television show, even though the person recalling it believes the memory is accurate. |
What is the relearning effect? | When you have learned something before but have forgotten it, it will take less time for you to relearn it than it did for you to learn it the first time. |
If you learn two pieces of information and forget the first one, what caused this forgetting? | Retroactive interference caused this. When you learned the second piece of information, it interfered with your ability to recall the first piece of information. |
If you learn two pieces of information and forget the second one, what caused this forgetting? | Proactive interference likely caused this. If you learn a song one way and then are asked to sing it a different way, it may be difficult for you to do because your memory of how the song was learned interferes with the new information. |
If an amnesic can remember events before he got amnesia (but not after), what kind of amnesia does he have? | Anterograde amnesia prevents patients from making new autobiographical memories, but allows them to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia. |
If an amnesic can form new memories but is unable to recall any memories from before the onset of amnesia, what kind of amnesia does he have? | Retrograde amnesia prevents recall of memories before onset of amnesia. |
What does long-term potentiation mean? | It means that the parts of the brain that fire together wire together. When two areas of the brain fire from the same stimuli, they grow stronger neuronal connections. |
What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme? | A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a given language. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaningful sound in a given language. Phonemes combine to make morphemes, and morphemes combine to make words. Words are put into order to convey meaning, which is called syntax. |
What are the stages babies go through when learning language? | Babies start by babbling, then progress to the holophrastic (one-word) stage, followed by the two-word phase (telegraphic speech). After that, vocabulary grows and grammar rules are learned and applied. |
When young children say things like, "I gived mommy a hug," what are they doing grammatically? | They are overgeneralizing. As children learn the rules of grammar, they frequently apply these common rules incorrectly until they learn the nuance of their primary language(s). |