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AP® Psychology Cognition Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in cognition, including language acquisition, heuristics, biases, and problem-solving strategies in psychology.
How did Noam Chomsky believe we learn language?
While he believed there was a critical period of time where we are more susceptible to language acquisition, Chomsky believed we are born with an innate ability to learn language, or a language acquisition device.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
How did Noam Chomsky believe we learn language?
While he believed there was a critical period of time where we are more susceptible to language acquisition, Chomsky believed we are born with an inna...
What is Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis?
It is understood that language is highly involved in thought, so Whorf hypothesized that our thinking may actually be limited by the language we use.
What are cognitive prototypes and what is the benefit of using them?
Prototypes are the most basic examples of concepts. They help lessen our cognitive load by allowing us to put concepts into different categories.
Why are cognitive images poorly named?
They don't have to be related to vision, but can be attached to any sense. They are imprints on our senses to help us conceptualize the outside world.
Why would psychologists be interested in algorithms?
Algorithms are one way of solving problems, which is a way to study how the brain works. Algorithms are an exhaustive problem solving search that go t...
What is a heuristic? What are its benefits and drawbacks?
A heuristic is a way of solving a problem that uses common sense, rules of thumb, or educated guesses. It is not always accurate, but it is faster tha...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
How did Noam Chomsky believe we learn language? | While he believed there was a critical period of time where we are more susceptible to language acquisition, Chomsky believed we are born with an innate ability to learn language, or a language acquisition device. |
What is Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis? | It is understood that language is highly involved in thought, so Whorf hypothesized that our thinking may actually be limited by the language we use. |
What are cognitive prototypes and what is the benefit of using them? | Prototypes are the most basic examples of concepts. They help lessen our cognitive load by allowing us to put concepts into different categories. |
Why are cognitive images poorly named? | They don't have to be related to vision, but can be attached to any sense. They are imprints on our senses to help us conceptualize the outside world. |
Why would psychologists be interested in algorithms? | Algorithms are one way of solving problems, which is a way to study how the brain works. Algorithms are an exhaustive problem solving search that go through every possible answer in order to find the correct one. The harder the problem, the more impractical it is for our brains to use algorithms. |
What is a heuristic? What are its benefits and drawbacks? | A heuristic is a way of solving a problem that uses common sense, rules of thumb, or educated guesses. It is not always accurate, but it is faster than an algorithm. |
What is an availability heuristic? | When you use an availability heuristic, you judge the first things that come to mind as the most important because they are more salient. For example, people may think air travel is more dangerous than car travel because they see more news stories about plane crashes than car accidents, so plane crashes come to mind first. |
How can a representativeness heuristic lead to stereotyping? | Representativeness heuristics take information we have already conceptualized with prototypes and applying them to all situations to make a judgment. If your prototype of a specific group is negative because of one person in that group, it could lead to incorrectly stereotyping the whole group. |
What two concepts are used to maintain confidence in a judgment even when shown evidence to the contrary? | Belief bias uses illogical information we get to confirm our existing belief. Belief perseverance speaks to our unwillingness to change our beliefs even when the evidence disproves those beliefs. |
How might the idea of functional fixedness hinder innovation? | Functional fixedness is our tendency to see objects or concepts as they were learned. This cements them in place in our minds so we may be unable to find alternative, innovative uses for these objects or concepts. |
If your mother accuses you of something and then uses every aspect of your arguments and body language to prove that you did it, what is she using? | She is employing confirmation bias, which looks for any piece of evidence (even if it's wrong) to confirm a belief or solution to a problem. |
Playing a piece of music exactly as it's written could be an example of __________ thinking, while playing free-form jazz may be considered __________ thinking. | convergent; divergent Convergent thinking is thinking that results in only one solution, while divergent thinking believes that there may be many answers to a problem. |