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AP® Psychology Learning Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in operant conditioning, including types of reinforcers, reinforcement schedules, behavior modification techniques, and theories related to learning and conditioning.
What are the three types of reinforcers?
1. primary 2. secondary 3. generalized
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What are the three types of reinforcers?
1. primary 2. secondary 3. generalized
Define and give an example of: primary reinforcers
something that is biologically, naturally important and therefore rewarding Example: food and drink
Define and give an example of: secondary reinforcers
something neutral that can become rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer; Examples: gold stars, tokens, points, money
Define and give an example of: generalized reinforcers
secondary reinforcer that can be associated with several primary reinforcers; Example: money can be used to buy food and also other enjoyable items.
How does a token economy work?
• operant conditioning system • secondary reinforcers are used to increase acceptable behaviors • tokens can be exchanged for privileges and prizes • ...
Define behavior modification in terms of operant conditioning.
small steps are rewarded until the intended goal is achieved; uses the behavioral approach to solve individual, institutional, and societal problems
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are the three types of reinforcers? | 1. primary 2. secondary 3. generalized |
Define and give an example of: primary reinforcers | something that is biologically, naturally important and therefore rewarding Example: food and drink |
Define and give an example of: secondary reinforcers | something neutral that can become rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer; Examples: gold stars, tokens, points, money |
Define and give an example of: generalized reinforcers | secondary reinforcer that can be associated with several primary reinforcers; Example: money can be used to buy food and also other enjoyable items. |
How does a token economy work? | • operant conditioning system • secondary reinforcers are used to increase acceptable behaviors • tokens can be exchanged for privileges and prizes • used in mental hospitals and jails |
Define behavior modification in terms of operant conditioning. | small steps are rewarded until the intended goal is achieved; uses the behavioral approach to solve individual, institutional, and societal problems |
How is shaping used to teach a new behavior? | positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior; Example: In toilet training, rewards are given to the child at each step. |
Define chaining as it relates to operant conditioning. | initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a certain order; later on, rewards only given for completing the whole sequence; in order to establish a specific sequence of behaviors |
What is the purpose of reinforcement schedules? | to determine how and when reinforcers will be given to the learner |
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule? | provides reinforcement every time the behavior is exhibited by human or animal |
What is a partial reinforcement schedule? | reinforcing behavior only some of the time; a.k.a. intermittent schedule |
What is a Partial Reinforcement Schedules schedule and what are the four types? | schedule based on the number of desired responses 1. fixed ratio 2. fixed interval variable ratio 3. variable interval |
Define: fixed ratio schedule | reinforcement comes after a specific number of behavior responses; Example: Every three times you get a question right, you get a piece of candy. |
Define: fixed interval schedule | reinforcement comes at a specific time; Example: You know you have a quiz tomorrow, so you don't study until the night before. |
Define: variable ratio schedule | number of behavior responses needed for reinforcement changes; Example: You sit at a slot machine pulling the lever hundreds of time because you don't know how many pulls are needed before the jackpot. |
Define: variable interval schedule | amount of time before reinforcement of behavior changes; Example: You study every night in preparation for a pop quiz because you don't know when it is coming. |
How is superstitious behavior formed? | When reinforcement occurs during an idiosyncratic behavior, the organism is likely to repeat that behavior, even though it doesn't cause the reinforcement. |
What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner study? | studied only behaviors, disregarded thought processes because they were not observable |
What do cognitive theorists believe humans and other animals are capable of, beyond classical and operant conditioning? | forming expectations and being consciously motivated by rewards |
What is the contingency model? | Richard Rescorla's theory that the key to classical conditioning is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS |