Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP® Psychology Learning Part 4
AP® Psychology Learning Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in learning theories and experiments in psychology, including classical conditioning, observational learning, and biological factors affecting learning.
What model did the contingency model counter?
Pavlov's contiguity model that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What model did the contingency model counter?
Pavlov's contiguity model that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS
What is the blocking effect?
Leon Kamin's concept that conditioning effect of neutral stimulus is blocked when already conditioned with UCS. In other words, once CS and UCS are pa...
Name an example of delayed gratification.
saving money for college or a car, rather than spending it immediately
Who was Edward Tolman?
• confirmed the presence of latent learning • found unrewarded rats form cognitive map of the maze so when presented with a reward, they are motivated...
Define: latent learning
learning in the absence of rewards
Define insight as it relates to learning.
sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What model did the contingency model counter? | Pavlov's contiguity model that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS |
What is the blocking effect? | Leon Kamin's concept that conditioning effect of neutral stimulus is blocked when already conditioned with UCS. In other words, once CS and UCS are paired, a second CS will not result in the same CR that the UCS received. The second CS is blocked because an association already exists between the first CS and the UCS. |
Name an example of delayed gratification. | saving money for college or a car, rather than spending it immediately |
Who was Edward Tolman? | • confirmed the presence of latent learning • found unrewarded rats form cognitive map of the maze so when presented with a reward, they are motivated to improve |
Define: latent learning | learning in the absence of rewards |
Define insight as it relates to learning. | sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem |
Who observed insight in chimpanzees? | Wolfgang Kohler |
Define: observational learning | learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model; a.k.a. social learning or vicarious learning |
What are the four steps of observational learning, according to Albert Bandura? | 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation |
What were the results of the bobo dolls experiment? | when offered rewards to imitate violent behavior, did not always lead to response; demonstrated modeling: those who watched violent models imitated them |
What provides the biological basis for observational learning? | Mirror neurons are activated when you perform an action and when you observe someone else perform a similar action. |
Define: conditioned taste aversion | intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning; adaptive responses of organisms to foods that could sicken or kill them; a.k.a. Garcia effect |
Define preparedness as it relates to learning. | Through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to easily learn behaviors related to their survival as a species. |
Who experimented on conditioned taste aversions and biological preparedness in rats? | John Garcia and Robert Koelling |
What is instinctive drift? | CR that drifts back toward the natural, instinctive behavior of the organism |
What is the evidence of biological factors of learning? | Rats raised in enriched environments had thicker cortices, higher brain weight, and greater neural connectivity than rats raised in deprived environments. |
What is long-term potentiation? | physiological change that correlates with a stable change in behavior due to experience "neurons that fire together, wire together" studied by Donald Hebb and Eric Kandel |