Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP® Psychology States of Consciousness Part 2
AP® Psychology States of Consciousness Part 2
This flashcard deck covers key concepts related to states of consciousness, focusing on sleep cycles, brain wave patterns, and theories of dreaming.
What is the difference between circadian rhythms and free-running rhythms?
Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour day-to-night pattern that our body’s physiological markers follow; free-running rhythm is the 25-hour rhythm that our bodies follow if all time cues (sunlight, clocks, etc.) are removed.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the difference between circadian rhythms and free-running rhythms?
Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour day-to-night pattern that our body’s physiological markers follow; free-running rhythm is the 25-hour rhythm that our ...
What sort of disturbance is associated with the feelings of jet-lag?
Jet-lag results from disturbances to our circadian rhythms through external stimuli, like crossing time zones.
What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure, and why is this important?
EEGs measure brain-wave patterns that provide information of our brain’s electrical activity in sleep cycles.
What is a hypnagogic sleep state?
It is a semiwakeful state of dreamlike awareness with feelings of relaxation and failure to respond to stimuli.
In an EEG, __________ are shown when we are awake and focused on a task; when we shift into a more relaxed state, we see __________, and when we begin to fall asleep, we see __________.
beta waves; alpha waves; theta waves
In what sleep stage do sleep spindles appear?
stage 2
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the difference between circadian rhythms and free-running rhythms? | Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour day-to-night pattern that our body’s physiological markers follow; free-running rhythm is the 25-hour rhythm that our bodies follow if all time cues (sunlight, clocks, etc.) are removed. |
What sort of disturbance is associated with the feelings of jet-lag? | Jet-lag results from disturbances to our circadian rhythms through external stimuli, like crossing time zones. |
What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure, and why is this important? | EEGs measure brain-wave patterns that provide information of our brain’s electrical activity in sleep cycles. |
What is a hypnagogic sleep state? | It is a semiwakeful state of dreamlike awareness with feelings of relaxation and failure to respond to stimuli. |
In an EEG, __________ are shown when we are awake and focused on a task; when we shift into a more relaxed state, we see __________, and when we begin to fall asleep, we see __________. | beta waves; alpha waves; theta waves |
In what sleep stage do sleep spindles appear? | stage 2 |
K complexes are large, slow waves that tend to break up what? | sleep spindles |
At what stage of sleep are the skeletal muscles relaxing? | stage 2 |
What waves are most common in stages 3 and 4 of sleep (although a greater proportion occur in stage 4)? | delta waves |
What is REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, and what is it typically associated with? | REM sleep is the last stage of sleep in which the eyes move vigorously; it is heavily associated with dreaming, although dreaming can occur in other stages as well. |
What brain waves are predominantly present during REM sleep? | theta and beta waves |
Why is REM sleep sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep? | Our brain waves resemble those observed when we are awake, but we are asleep. |
Approximately how long is each sleep cycle? | 90 minutes |
As the period of sleep progresses, what happens to stages 3 and 4, as compared with REM sleep? | Stages 3 and 4 diminish and eventually disappear as sleep progresses, while with REM stage gets longer |
Why is it that we remember dreams occurring towards the end of sleep moreso than those towards the beginning? | As sleep progresses and REM gets longer, dreams are longer (approximately one hour); due to their proximity to an awakened state and their length, it is much easier to remember them than the shorter, distant dreams of earlier sleep. |
What theory of dreaming, proposed by McCarley and Hobson, claims that during sleep, the brain generates neuronal stimulation that the dreamer attempts to make sense of through creation of a story line? | the activation-synthesis theory of dreams |
What is the ability to be aware of and direct dreams? | lucid dreaming |
What is REM rebound and who discovered it? | Discovered by William Dement, it is the idea that if we are deprived of REM sleep for one cycle and then allowed to sleep normally, our REM periods will increase. |
What is insomnia? | a lack of sleep (can be either an inability to fall asleep or an inability to maintain sleep) |
Which of the following is not a known, possible cause of insomnia: stress, stimulants (like caffeine), hunger, alcohol. | hunger |