Behavioral Neuroscience Chapter 8.1
This flashcard set introduces the concept of biological rhythms, covering early theories on sleep-wake cycles and the discovery of internally generated patterns like activity/inactivity cycles. It also explains endogenous circannual rhythms seen in animal behaviors like migration and food storage.
Early psychologists believed that cycles of wakefulness and sleep were dependent upon e……. S……
Curt richter in 1922 proposed that the body generates its own cycles of a……. And i………
External stimuli
-stay away from predators
Activity and inactivity
Key Terms
Early psychologists believed that cycles of wakefulness and sleep were dependent upon e……. S……
Curt richter in 1922 proposed that the body generates its own cycles of a……. And i………
External stimuli
-stay away from predators
Activity and inactivity
Some animals generate e……… C……… R……, internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle
-birds migratory patterns, animals storing food for the winter
Endogenous circANNUAL rhythms
All animals produce e……… C…….. R……, internal mechanisms that operate on an approximately 24 hour cycle
sleep cycle
frequency of eating and drinking
body temperature
secretion of hormones
urination
sensitivity to drugs
Endogenous circADIAN rhythms
Setting and resetting the biological clock
1) The purpose of the circadian rhythm is to keep our i……. workings in phase with the outside world
2) The human circadian clock generates a rhythm slightly longer/shorter than ?? hours when it has no e……. Cue to set it
3) resetting our circadian rhythms is/isn’t necessary sometimes
1) internal
2) longer, 24, external
3) is sometimes necessary
Setting and resetting the biological clock
Zeitgeber: German meaning “t… G….”
-refers to the s……. That resets the c…….. R…..
examples=sunlight, exercise, meals, arousal of any kind, temperature of environment, etc.
depression, irritability, and impaired job performance are effects of using something other than s……. As a zeitgeber
“Time giver” refers to the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
Depression…. Using something other than sunligh...
Jet Lag
Refers to the disruption of the c…….. R……. Due to the crossing of t… z….
stems from a mismatch of the internal c…….. C…. And the e……. Time
sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night, and impaired c…………
Traveling w… “P….-d…..” Our c…….. R……
Traveling e… “Phase-a…….” Our c…….. R……
Disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones
Mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Early psychologists believed that cycles of wakefulness and sleep were dependent upon e……. S…… Curt richter in 1922 proposed that the body generates its own cycles of a……. And i……… | External stimuli Activity and inactivity |
Some animals generate e……… C……… R……, internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle -birds migratory patterns, animals storing food for the winter | Endogenous circANNUAL rhythms |
All animals produce e……… C…….. R……, internal mechanisms that operate on an approximately 24 hour cycle
| Endogenous circADIAN rhythms |
Setting and resetting the biological clock 1) The purpose of the circadian rhythm is to keep our i……. workings in phase with the outside world | 1) internal |
Setting and resetting the biological clock Zeitgeber: German meaning “t… G….”
| “Time giver” refers to the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm Depression…. Using something other than sunlight as a zeitgeber |
Jet Lag Refers to the disruption of the c…….. R……. Due to the crossing of t… z….
Traveling w… “P….-d…..” Our c…….. R…… Traveling e… “Phase-a…….” Our c…….. R…… | Disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones Mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external time Impaired concentration West= “phase delays” in our circadian rhythms East= “phase advances” in our circadian rhythms |
Shift work Sleep duration depends on when one goes to s…. Working at night does not reliably change the c…….. R….. People adjust best to night work if they sleep in a very dark room during the day and work under very bright lights at night | Sleep Circadian rhythm |
Morning people and evening people Cycles can differ between people and lead to different patterns of w………. And a…….. Changes as a function of age:
As an adult, it partially depends upon g……. | Wakefulness and alertness Young are morning people, adolescents are night people Genetics |
Mechanisms of the biological clock Mechanisms of the circadian rhythms:
|
|
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) 1) The main control center of the circadian rhythms of s…. And t………. 2) damage to the SCN results in less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to e………… Patterns of L…. And d… | 1) sleep and temperature 2) Environmental patterns of light and dark |
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) and the Circadian Rhythm 1) generates circadian rhythms in a g………. Controlled, un……. Manner | 1) genetically controlled, unlearned manner |
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) and the Retinohypothalamic Path 1) L…. resets the SCN via a small b….. of the optic nerve known as the Retinohypothalamic path 2) the Retinohypothalamic path comes from a special population of g……. Cells that have their own photop…… called melano…. | 1) light, small branch 2) ganglion cells, photopigment called melanopsin |
The biochemistry of the circadian rhythm 1) two types of genes are responsible for generating the c…….. Rhythm 2) PER and TIM proteins increase the activity of certain kinds of n…… In the SCN that regulate s…. and w….. | 1) Circadian rhythm 2) neurons, sleep, waking |
Melatonin 1) the SCN regulates w….. And s……. By controlling a……. levels in other areas of the brain | 1) waking and sleeping, controlling activity levels |
Melatonin 1) melatonin secretion usually begins ? To ? Hours before bedtime | 1) two to three |