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Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Bio 130 Exam 4 Part 1

Bio 130 Exam 4 Part 1

Anatomy and Physiology23 CardsCreated 4 months ago

This deck covers key concepts in genetics, including alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and inheritance patterns. It also explores genetic tools like Punnett squares and pedigrees, as well as sex-linked traits and genetic mosaics.

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what are alleles

alternate forms/versions of DNA
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
what are alleles
alternate forms/versions of DNA
what does genotype mean
the total set of alleles that an individual possesses
What does phenotype mean
the appearance/physical characters of an individual
in pea plants what is self fertilization
pollen from a flower can fertilize its own eggs (aka self-cross)
what the steps for performing a controlled cross-fertilization
remove anther from flower to prevent self-fertilization get pollen from a different plant use this pollen to fertilize flower with no anthers
what is the difference between "true breeding" and "non-true breeding"
crossing plant and getting a homozygous offspring is "true breeding" crossing a plant and getting a heterozygous offspring is "non-true breeding"
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Bio 130 Exam 4 Part 1
TermDefinition
what are alleles
alternate forms/versions of DNA
what does genotype mean
the total set of alleles that an individual possesses
What does phenotype mean
the appearance/physical characters of an individual
in pea plants what is self fertilization
pollen from a flower can fertilize its own eggs (aka self-cross)
what the steps for performing a controlled cross-fertilization
remove anther from flower to prevent self-fertilization get pollen from a different plant use this pollen to fertilize flower with no anthers
what is the difference between "true breeding" and "non-true breeding"
crossing plant and getting a homozygous offspring is "true breeding" crossing a plant and getting a heterozygous offspring is "non-true breeding"
what is the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles
Dominant alleles express their traits even if only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to show their effect.
what do the terms "homozygous dominant", "homozygous recessive", and "heterozygous" mean in the terms of an individual genotype
Homozygous dominant = an individual who has two of the same allele for the dominant gene Homozygous recessive = an individual who has two of the same allele for the recessive gene Heterozygous = an individual who has 2 different alleles for a gene
what is a punnett square used for
used to predict the potential outcomes of a cross
what are pedigrees and what are they used for
a graphical representation of matings ad offspring over multiple generations tracking a single gene
what are carriers
heterozygous individuals that do NOT have the trait
how might individuals with a recessive trait come to exist in a pedigree
changes increase by interbreeding
What is polygenetic inheritance
A trait controlled by multiple genes Leads to continuous variations (trait is not binary)
What does incomplete dominance mean
A genetic demerits in which the heterozygous intermediate in appearance between 2 homozygotes
How might phenotype be affected by the environment
Siamese cat example: alleles encode a protein that is only active at low temperature
What are the two sex chromosomes
X and y
What are autosomes
Autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
What are the characteristics if x and y chromosomes
X many genes required for life (xx biological female) Y not required for life; has genes that alter the "normal" x directed development (XY biological male)
What are sex linked traits
Some genes are not directly related o sexual development and are located on sex chromosomes
Why are sex linked traits appear more frequently in males
Normally the gene is carried on the X chromosome and therefore it is linked and effects males
why does x inactivation occur
occurs in embryo development in xx cells, one x chromosome is inactivated chromosome condense so it is not transcribable (called bar body)
what is a bar body
when the chromosome condense are not transcribable
what is a genetic mosaic
can cause different phenotype in different types of the body