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BIOL1020 - Lecture 2 - Evolution and the domains of life

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This deck covers key concepts from BIOL1020 Lecture 2, including taxonomy, evolution theories, cell structures, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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What is taxonomy?

Taxonomy: the way to classify groups in biological systems
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy: the way to classify groups in biological systems
What are examples of morphological characteristics?
Colour, pattern, bones, organs
What is the hierarchy of biological classification?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What does evolution lead to?
Both variation and unity
Explain homologous structures.
Although forelimbs look very different on the outside, there remain similarities in their skeletal structure. Shared a common ancestor, and different ...
What were the first steps towards developing the theory of evolution?
Aristotle - developed scala naturae 'ladder of life', based on organisms function and complexity. Carl Linnaeus - developed hierarchies based on morph...
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BIOL1020 - Lecture 2 - Evolution and the domains of life
TermDefinition
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy: the way to classify groups in biological systems
What are examples of morphological characteristics?
Colour, pattern, bones, organs
What is the hierarchy of biological classification?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What does evolution lead to?
Both variation and unity
Explain homologous structures.
Although forelimbs look very different on the outside, there remain similarities in their skeletal structure. Shared a common ancestor, and different environmental conditions led to the individual evolutionary changes of each species. After millions of years, still retain core
What were the first steps towards developing the theory of evolution?
Aristotle - developed scala naturae 'ladder of life', based on organisms function and complexity. Carl Linnaeus - developed hierarchies based on morphological characteristics, pioneered binomial nomenclature
Which theory of evolution did Aristotle and Linnaeus believe?
The doctrine of fixed species
What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck develop? Explain.
The theory of Lamarckian evolution. Thought organisms' traits could change throughout their lifetime through use and disuse. Thought these could easily be passed onto their offspring. Giraffes example
What is good and bad about the Lamarckian theory?
Organisms' traits can change throughout their lifetime, BUT it is very difficult to pass these traits onto their offspring.
What did Charles Darwin develop?
He refuted the doctrine of fixed species and developed the theory of evolution by natural selection
What aspects of evolution show unity?
Homologous structures, for example
What aspects show diversity?
After an environmental change, physical traits may give a survival advantage. Example: antibiotic resistant gene in bacteria. Organisms in that environment are going to be selected for, but not necessarily in other environments without the selective condition
What is the central dogma of evolution?
Environmental change -> selective pressure overtime -> new species
What determines physical traits?
DNA contains genes, which encode proteins. Expression and activity of the proteins determine the structure and function of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life for all organisms. Cells can inherit or obtain DNA from other cells in a number of ways.
How can cells inherit or obtain DNA from other cells?
Conjunction/transduction, mitosis, meiosis, asexual + sexual reproduction
Describe the structure and function of cell membranes.
Made up of lipid bilayers. Hydrophilic heads on outer and inner edges of the membrane. Hydrophobic tail in the middle of membrane. Is semi-permeable, and allows various nutrients, wastes, proteins and ions to pass in and out of the cell
Describe how cells utilise and store energy.
Energy and matter flow from one organism to another using cellular respiration and photosynthesis. One of the most common forms of energy is ATP. ATP contains chemical energy in the bonds between its 3 phosphate groups. After breaking down nutrients, energy is converted to ATP. When ATP is broken down to ADP (one Pi removed), this energy can be released and used.
State and describe the different types of cells.
> Prokaryotes - lack of cell nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Cytoplasm, cell wall, DNA, Nucleoid, Glycocalyx, ribosomes, flagellum, fimbriae, pilus, plasma membrane, plasmid. Eukaryotes - contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Animal cell contains: cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, plasmid, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, peroxisome, microvilli, centrioles, cytoskeleton element, lysosome, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
What are the similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
> All have a plasma membrane - encloses cell, separates contents from surroundings, phospholipid bilayer, 5-10 nanometers thick, contains embedded proteins. Cytoplasm - semi-fluid matrix, contains chemicals of the cells, sugars, amino acids, proteins, contain organelles in eukaryotes. Protein - the workhorses, e.g., enzymes, structural proteins. Carbohydrates - energy source
What are the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA inside a membrane. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that allow them to compartmentalise cellular processes. Eukaryotic and bacterial cells are different in size. Eukaryotes = 10-100um in diameter, prokaryotes = 1-5 um in diameter