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BIOL1020 - Lecture 8 - Cell Division

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This deck covers key concepts of cell division, including types of cell division, stages of the cell cycle, and specific processes in mitosis and cytokinesis.

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What types of cell division is there?

Unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division, commonly through binary fission. Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for development from a fertilised cell, growth, and repair. Cell division occurs via mitosis or meiosis.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What types of cell division is there?
Unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division, commonly through binary fission. Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for development fro...
Describe cell division.
Results in genetically identical daughter cells. Cells duplicate their genetic material before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives ...
Describe cell division in animals.
Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent). They all have the same chromosomes. Gametes (germ cells/ova + sperm) have only ...
What happens in prokaryotic cell division?
Binary fission - asexual reproduction where a cell expands and then divides in two. In bacteria, DNA is free-floating in the cytoplasm and does not ha...
What happens in eukaryotic cell division?
Eukaryotic cells usually have more DNA than prokaryotes, which needs to be condensed and packaged into chromosomes. This is a carefully coordinated co...
What happens to chromosomes during cell replication?
Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids which separate during cell division.
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BIOL1020 - Lecture 8 - Cell Division
TermDefinition
What types of cell division is there?
Unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division, commonly through binary fission. Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for development from a fertilised cell, growth, and repair. Cell division occurs via mitosis or meiosis.
Describe cell division.
Results in genetically identical daughter cells. Cells duplicate their genetic material before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA. The DNA molecules in a eukaryotic cell are packaged into chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division.
Describe cell division in animals.
Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent). They all have the same chromosomes. Gametes (germ cells/ova + sperm) have only one set of chromosomes. These are produced by a special type of cell division called meiosis.
What happens in prokaryotic cell division?
Binary fission - asexual reproduction where a cell expands and then divides in two. In bacteria, DNA is free-floating in the cytoplasm and does not have membrane-bound organelles. It is very important to replicate the DNA so that the daughter cells have identical genetic information. Binary fission does not occur indefinitely for all bacteria; growth is limited by the number of nutrients available to the bacteria, and they may also choose to enter dormancy.
What happens in eukaryotic cell division?
Eukaryotic cells usually have more DNA than prokaryotes, which needs to be condensed and packaged into chromosomes. This is a carefully coordinated complex process that occurs via a cell cycle and mitosis.
What happens to chromosomes during cell replication?
Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids which separate during cell division.
What is a centromere?
Site where the two chromatids are held together. It reduces the complexity of the sorting task and keeps pairs together.
Briefly describe the stages in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Two phases: interphase (G1, S, and G2) and mitotic phase (M).
Describe the mitotic phase.
Consists of mitosis, the division of the nucleus, and cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm. Typically lasts only 30-60 minutes, depending on cell type. It is the period where cells are overtly dividing, and all other activities are put on hold because the normal internal organisation of the cell is disrupted in this stage.
Describe the interphase.
Consists of Gap 1 (G1) - normal cell metabolism; S: when DNA replication occurs; Gap 2 (G2) - preparation for cell division. Most cells spend most of their time in this phase, which may last for hours, days, weeks, or longer. During this phase, cells grow to their mature size and are metabolically active, e.g., glucose oxidation and synthesis of macromolecules.
What happens in Pre-mitosis? (interphase G2 phase)
In the G2 phase, the cell is preparing to enter mitosis: DNA has been duplicated in the previous S phase, and duplicated DNA is still in the form of chromatin.
What happens in Mitosis 1: prophase?
DNA condenses from chromatin into X-shaped chromosomes. The centrosome divides and, along with microtubules, forms the mitotic spindle.
What happens in mitosis 2: prometaphase?
Kinetochores are protein structures on chromosomes that bind to microtubules. Chromosomes are anchored to the mitotic spindle via kinetochores.
What happens in mitosis 3: metaphase?
The mitotic spindle moves the chromosomes to the middle of the cell. Cytoskeletal elements are used as well, one type to elongate and push apart the cell, the other to contract and pull the chromatids apart.
What happens in mitosis 4: ANAPHASE?
Microtubules pull sister chromatids apart. As the microtubules contract, the chromatids are pulled into opposite ends of the cell.
What happens in mitosis 5: telophase?
Two sets of chromosomes separated during anaphase are used to create new nuclei. The cell splits into two via cytokinesis.
Describe cytokinesis.
Actin filaments congregate near the metaphase plate to form a ring around the inside of the cell. The pinching action separates the cytoplasm into two separate cells. The mechanisms of cytokinesis are different across different organisms.
What is the role of centrosomes in mitosis?
Organising the microtubules that form the mitotic spindle.
What are some specialised types of cells that have different methods of replication?
Some cells never divide, e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells, and other differentiated cells that are stuck in the G0 phase. Cells that normally don’t divide but can be induced to do so, e.g., liver and skin cells, to respond to wounding.
What happens when cell division goes wrong?
Uncontrolled growth of cells results in cancer. Incorrect sorting of chromosomes can lead to Down syndrome.