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Biology 101 - Reproductive System and Development Part 1

Biology20 CardsCreated about 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the reproductive system and development, including the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, gametogenesis, and the roles of various hormones.

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What is the function of the reproductive system?

It generates new offspring from parent organisms, facilitating the survival of the species. Some reproductive methods also increase genetic variation. This allows a species to adapt to changes in its environment.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is the function of the reproductive system?
It generates new offspring from parent organisms, facilitating the survival of the species. Some reproductive methods also increase genetic variation....
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves two organisms and results in offspring that genetically differs from both of them. Asexual reproduction is carried out by...
Define: gamete
A haploid cell that combines with another gamete during sexual reproduction. Together, the fused cells form a zygote that develops into a new organism...

Label the parts of the sperm cell below.

What is spermatogenesis, and when and where does it begin?

It is the production of the male gametes, sperm, in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty.

Order the following terms from least to most mature: spermatid, spermatogonium, spermatozoon, secondary spermatocyte, primary spermatocyte.
Spermatogonium Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoon Both meiosis and mitosis are involved in this differentiation proces...
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Biology 101 - Reproductive System and Development Part 1
TermDefinition
What is the function of the reproductive system?
It generates new offspring from parent organisms, facilitating the survival of the species. Some reproductive methods also increase genetic variation. This allows a species to adapt to changes in its environment.
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves two organisms and results in offspring that genetically differs from both of them. Asexual reproduction is carried out by a single organism and produces genetically identical offspring. All prokaryotes use asexual reproduction, though they have alternative methods of gene transfer. Eukaryotic species can reproduce sexually, asexually, or through both mechanisms.
Define: gamete
A haploid cell that combines with another gamete during sexual reproduction. Together, the fused cells form a zygote that develops into a new organism. In humans, the male gamete is the sperm while the female gamete is the egg or ovum.

Label the parts of the sperm cell below.

What is spermatogenesis, and when and where does it begin?

It is the production of the male gametes, sperm, in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty.

Order the following terms from least to most mature: spermatid, spermatogonium, spermatozoon, secondary spermatocyte, primary spermatocyte.
Spermatogonium Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoon Both meiosis and mitosis are involved in this differentiation process.
During which step of spermatogenesis do cells become haploid?
Meiosis I - the division from primary to secondary spermatocyte. After this transition, the gamete will be haploid but with replicated chromosomes. Meiosis II, on the other hand, refers to the division from secondary spermatocyte to spermatid. After this step, the gamete will be haploid with only one copy of each chromosome, as in its final state.
Around what age in men does sperm production cease?
Spermatogenesis never ceases; it continues throughout a man’s adult life. In contrast, oogenesis does not occur as a steady process. Virtually all of a woman’s eggs are partially differentiated by birth, and all differentiation ceases completely at menopause.
What is oogenesis, and where and when does it begin?
It is the production of the female gametes, ova, in the ovaries. Oogenesis begins before birth. Specifically, all of a female’s oocytes are produced and arrested at prophase I by the time she is born.
Order the following terms from least to most mature: primary oocyte, ovum, oogonium, secondary oocyte.
Oogonium Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte Ovum Both meiosis and mitosis are involved in this differentiation process.
Define: polar body
A haploid cell produced by meiosis I or meiosis II of oogenesis. Though they possess normal amounts of genetic material, polar bodies contain little cytosol and few organelles. Oogenesis is thus characterized by uneven division of cytoplasm. Most of the cytoplasm is allocated to the functioning oocyte, while little is given to the polar body.
How many cells are produced in the differentiation of one primary oocyte into one mature ovum?
Oogenesis produces three cells per primary oocyte: one ovum two polar bodies In meiosis I, the primary oocyte divides into one secondary oocyte and one polar body. This first polar body generally does not divide further. If fertilized, the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II, where it divides into one ovum and a second polar body.
From birth until puberty, all of a female’s oocytes are arrested at which stage of oogenesis?
All of a female’s oocytes are primary and are arrested in prophase I of meiosis.
Meiosis I corresponds to which step of oogenesis?
Meiosis I involves the division of a primary into a secondary oocyte. Meiosis II, which is only completed if the egg is fertilized, involves the division of this secondary oocyte into a mature ovum.
Name two differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Spermatogenesis produces four equally functional gametes; it takes place continuously from puberty to death. Oogenesis produces one mature ovum and two nonfunctional polar bodies; it begins before birth and ends at menopause.
Which gamete contributes mitochondria to the developing zygote?
A zygote’s mitochondria are contributed by the ovum. While sperm contain mitochondria, they are destroyed by the ovum shortly after fertilization. As a result, mitochondrial diseases are inherited maternally.
Define: gonads
These are endocrine organs that produce gametes. The female gonads are the ovaries while the male gonads are the testes.

What is an androgen?

It is a general term for a hormone that influences male development. The most important androgen to know is testosterone, a steroid hormone.

Name the major male and female sex hormones.
testosterone in males estrogen and progesterone in females. While these hormones are steroids, their production is closely related to that of the peptides FSH and LH.
Give two structural differences between the male and female reproductive systems.
Male reproductive organs are mainly found outside of the body the urethra serves both reproductive and urinary purposes Female: reproductive organs are located internally the urethra solely involved in urination