Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 3
Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 3
This deck covers key concepts related to cell membrane components, types of proteins, cell junctions, and transport processes in cellular biology.
Phospholipids
physically isolate the cell from its surroundings and allow very small molecules to pass through the membrane.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Phospholipids
physically isolate the cell from its surroundings and allow very small molecules to pass through the membrane.
Glycolipids
sugar attached to phospholipid; function in cell adhesion and recognition.
Cholesterol
stabilize the membrane and give it some rigidity.
Integral proteins are
embedded into the phospholipid bilayer and may either extend all the way or partially through the bilayer.
Peripheral proteins
are not embedded into the bilayer but rest on the inner and outer phospholipid surfaces.
Anchoring proteins
serve as attachment points for the cytoskeleton to provide structural support and shape.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Phospholipids | physically isolate the cell from its surroundings and allow very small molecules to pass through the membrane. |
Glycolipids | sugar attached to phospholipid; function in cell adhesion and recognition. |
Cholesterol | stabilize the membrane and give it some rigidity. |
Integral proteins are | embedded into the phospholipid bilayer and may either extend all the way or partially through the bilayer. |
Peripheral proteins | are not embedded into the bilayer but rest on the inner and outer phospholipid surfaces. |
Anchoring proteins | serve as attachment points for the cytoskeleton to provide structural support and shape. |
Recognition proteins | allow for cells to identify other cells in order to protect the body against invaders. Some membrane proteins function as enzymes to catalyze reactions that occur at the membrane surface. |
Receptor proteins are | proteins that bind to particular molecules which then alters the activity of the cell. Carrier proteins and channel proteins both function in transport of materials across the membrane. |
Carrier proteins | actually bind to molecules and carry them across the membrane. |
Channels | are protein-lined paths that allow for materials to pass through the membrane. |
The membrane is composed of | carbohydrates are the glycolipids and glycoproteins, which are sugars added to lipids and proteins, respectively. Together they make up the glycocalyx, which refers to the outer, sticky region of the plasma membrane. It is only on the side of the membrane facing the extracellular fluid. |
The glycocalyx functions | in cell adhesion, recognition and immunity. |
Membranes of adjacent cells are | usually interconnected by the adhesive properties of the glycocalyx. Often, wavy surface contours can "interlock" adjacent cells as well. |
There are 3 types of special junctions | tight junctons, desmosomes and gap junctions. |
Tight junctions form | fluid-tight seals between cells to prevent leaking. These are common among epithelial cells that line stomach, intestines and bladder. |
Desmosomes are | anchoring junctions that fasten cells to one another or to the extracellular material. These are common in tissues subjected to friction & stretching (skin and heart muscle). |
Gap junctions are | communicating junctions between adjacent cells that allow the movement of ions & small molecules to pass through pores from one cell to the next. These are present in heart and smooth muscle where ion flow synchronizes activity to generate coordinated contractions. |
Passive transport processes require what | do not require the expenditure of energy while active processes require the use of energy. |
Types of Passive processes | include diffusion, osmosis, filtration and facilitated diffusion. |
Type of Active processes | include active transport and vesicular transport. |
Concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration between two areas. |
Simple Diffusion | movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration without the use of membrane carriers or energy. |
Facilitated diffusion | movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration using membrane carriers but without the use of energy. |
filtration | the relatively unselective movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure without the use of membrane carriers or energy. |
Osmosis | movement of water across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration without the use of membrane carriers or energy. |
Active transport | movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration using both energy and protein carriers. |
vesicular transport | movement of substances across a membrane by forming a vesicle (membranous sac), which requires the use of energy and can go from high to low or low to high concentration. |
endocytosis | movement of substances INTO the cell by forming a vesicle (membranous sac) and expending energy; this includes phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
exocytosis | movement of substances OUT OF the cell by forming a vesicle (membranous sac) and expending energy |
phagocytosis | movement of LARGE PARTICLES (FOOD, DEBRIS, BACTERIA ETC.) into the cell by forming a vesicle (membranous sac) and expending energy |