Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 4
Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in cellular processes, structures, and functions, including endocytosis, cell cycle phases, and organelle roles.
pinocytosis
fluid-phase endocytosis = endocytosis of droplets of extracellular material (which includes fluid that contains dissolved molecules
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
pinocytosis
fluid-phase endocytosis = endocytosis of droplets of extracellular material (which includes fluid that contains dissolved molecules
receptor-mediated endocytosis
this is endocytosis that involves specific uptake of large molecules; the key difference here is the specificity (performed by the receptor).
Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure exerted by water on a membrane
osmotic pressure
pressure exerted to prevent the flow of water due to concentration gradient (this opposes the hydrostatic pressure)
tonicity
behavior of cells in solution
isotonic
an isotonic solution is a solution that has the SAME solute concentration as the cell
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
pinocytosis | fluid-phase endocytosis = endocytosis of droplets of extracellular material (which includes fluid that contains dissolved molecules |
receptor-mediated endocytosis | this is endocytosis that involves specific uptake of large molecules; the key difference here is the specificity (performed by the receptor). |
Hydrostatic pressure | the pressure exerted by water on a membrane |
osmotic pressure | pressure exerted to prevent the flow of water due to concentration gradient (this opposes the hydrostatic pressure) |
tonicity | behavior of cells in solution |
isotonic | an isotonic solution is a solution that has the SAME solute concentration as the cell |
hypotonic | a hypotonic solution is a solution that has a LOWER solute concentration than the cell |
hypertonic | a hypertonic solution is a solution that has a HIGHER solute concentration than the cell |
crenation | the shriveling of a cell as a result of losing water when placed in a hypertonic solution |
lysis | the bursting of a cell as a result of gaining water when placed in a hypotonic solution |
Cytosol | cytosol is the 'fluid' portion of the cytoplasm; it contains water and dissolved proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; it has the consistency of jello |
Organelles | organelles are the functional units inside the cell; each has its own function to perform |
Inclusions | inclusions are substances contained in the cell such as pigment molecules (melanin) and energy storage molecules (fats and glycogen) |
Nucleus | controls all cell activities by containing instructions for protein synthesis; also contains hereditary material (DNA). |
Nucleoplasm | the semi-solid, semi-liquid substance that resides inside the nucleus (analagous to the cytosol of the cell). |
nuclear envelope | regulates flow of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
nucleoli | nucleolus (singular)helps form ribosomes |
chromatin | DNA + proteins makes DNA contains instructions for making proteins and are passed to new cells and offspring during cell division (heredity); chromatin is the term used when the individual chromosomes are not distinguishable. |
ribosomes | protein synthesis |
free | produce proteins to be used in the cytoplasm |
membrane bound | produce proteins to be used in the plasma membrane (or endomembrane) or to be exported from cell (secreted) |
rough ER | synthesis of proteins to be used in the plasma membrane or to be exported from cell (secreted) |
smooth ER | lipid metabolism |
golgi apparatus | transport, packaging and modification of proteins; produces secretory vesicles; produces lysosomes |
lysosomes | intracellular (inside cell) digestion; rid cell of worn out organelles; cell death (suicide) |
peroxisomes | break down harmful free radicals (by-products of metabolism) |
mitochondria | produce energy (ATP); cellular respiration (break down of nutrients into carbon dioxide and water which liberates energy) |
cytoskeleton | provide structural support; maintain cell shape; faciliate movement of cell and organelles; movement of chromosomes during division |
microvilli | minute, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane (on the exposed surface); major function is to increase surface area of the membrane; usually found on absorptive surfaces |
cilia | movement of materials across the cell |
flagella | movement of cell through medium (e.g., sperm) |
centrosome | an anchor for microtubules that is located near the nucleus and acts as an organizing center for the microtubules. Centrioles are located within the centrosome. |
centrioles | help form the anchor of the mitotic spindle which separates chromosomes during division. |
Inclusions | inclusions are substances contained in the cell such as pigment molecules (melanin), stored nutrients (fats and glycogen) and various types of crystals. |
The cell cycle | is the time from the formation of a cell until that cell finishes dividing itself. It includes interphase and mitotic phase (mitosis). |
In interphase | the cell is performing all of its functions other than dividing. |
In mitosis | the cell is dividing. |
interphase the | cell undergoes all of its normal daily metabolism (protein synthesis, digestion, cellular respiration, etc.). |
During S | (synthesis) the cell makes a copy of each of its chromosomes DNA replication). |
During G2 | the cell produces enzymes and other materials needed for mitosis. |