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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 7

Anatomy and Physiology35 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers key concepts from chapters 1-4 of Anatomy and Physiology, focusing on gland types, connective tissue characteristics, and cell populations.

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In merocrine glands

the secretion is released from secretory vesicle via exocytosis.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
In merocrine glands
the secretion is released from secretory vesicle via exocytosis.
In an apocrine gland
cells lose some cytoplasm as well as secretory product; apical portion of cytoplasm packed with vesicles and is shed.
In a holocrine gland
the entire cell packed with secretory product and cell bursts open.
Connective tissue characterists are
is widely distributed throughout body but not exposed to exterior. It is a binding and connecting type of tissue rather than a lining like epithelial....
Connective tissue consists
of sparsely distributed cells with lots of extracellular matrix. The matrix is composed of ground substance and protein fibers. CT is very variable in...
Connective tissue is made up
of cells and extracellular matrix.
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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 7
TermDefinition
In merocrine glands
the secretion is released from secretory vesicle via exocytosis.
In an apocrine gland
cells lose some cytoplasm as well as secretory product; apical portion of cytoplasm packed with vesicles and is shed.
In a holocrine gland
the entire cell packed with secretory product and cell bursts open.
Connective tissue characterists are
is widely distributed throughout body but not exposed to exterior. It is a binding and connecting type of tissue rather than a lining like epithelial. It has highly variable structure and function.
Connective tissue consists
of sparsely distributed cells with lots of extracellular matrix. The matrix is composed of ground substance and protein fibers. CT is very variable in its degree of innervation and vascularization.
Connective tissue is made up
of cells and extracellular matrix.
The extracellular matrix
is all of the material outside the cells and consists of ground substance and protein fibers.
The ground substance
is the watery (or gel-like or solid) background fluid in which cells and fibers are immersed or embedded. It fill spaces between cells & surrounds fibers.
Ground substance contains
interstitial fluid, proteoglycans and adhesion proteins. The ground substance and fibers are secreted by the cells.
The three types of fibers in connective tissue are
collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers.
Collagen fibers
are long, straight, unbranched and are the most common type of fiber.
Collagen fibers
consist of a bundle of protein subunits wound together like rope. They are flexible but very strong when pulled from the end.
Reticular fibers
have same protein subunits as collagen fibers but arranged differently so that the fibers are thinner and form branching network. They provide support and strength; resist forces in many directions.
Reticular fibers are
found forming the stroma (supporting framework) of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and forming the basement membrane that attaches epithelium to connective tissue.
Elastic fibers
are composed of the protein elastin and are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers. They can stretch and return to original length and thus provide elasticity.
The permanent cell population consists of
fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts and hematopoietic stem cells.
Fibroblasts
are the most abundant of the permanent cells and they are the only cells that are always present in CT proper.
Fibroblasts does what?
secrete the material that makes up viscous ground substance (hyaluronan (polysaccharide) + proteins = proteoglycan) and they secrete protein subunits that make up EC fibers.
Fibroblasts
are the immature cells (when they mature they are called fibrocytes).
Adipocytes
have large lipid droplets which squeeze the organelles to the periphery of the cell. The number of adipocytes varies from one type of CT to another and between individuals.
Chondroblasts
are immature cartilage cells (called chondrocytes when mature).
Osteoblasts
are immature bone cells (called osteocytes when mature).
hematopoietic stem cells
are immature blood cells (have a variety of names when mature).
The accessory cell population consists
of white blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and microphages. Macrophages, white blood cells, plasma cells and microphages function in defense. Mast cells store and secrete histamine (inflammatory response).
Well, maybe this should say 5 major classes.
embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme),Connective tissue proper Cartilage, Bone ,Blood
The two classes of connective tissue proper are
loose CT and dense CT.
Loose connective tissue consists of three subclasses
areolar, adipose and reticular CT.
Dense connective tissue
most of the volume of tissue is occupied by fibers and collagen fibers predominate.
Dense CT consists of two sublcasses
dense regular CT and dense irregular CT.
Mesenchyme
is embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues.
Mucous CT
is a temporary tissue derived from mesenchyme that is similar to it. The best example is Wharton's jelly, which is supports the umbilical cord of the fetus.
Loose connective tissue consists of three subclasses
areolar, adipose and reticular CT.
Areolar tissue
may contain all the cells and fibers described for connective tissue proper. It has an open framework made up mostly of ground substance, which has a syrupy consistency.
Areolar CT functions
fills spaces between organs, cushions and supports epithelia, surrounds and supports blood vessels and nerves, stores lipids and provides route for diffusion (nutrients, drugs, gases, cells).
Areolar CT located
in the subcutaneous layer of skin, in the papillary (superficial) region of dermis, in mucous membranes, around blood vessels and nerves and around body organs.