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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 2

Anatomy and Physiology40 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers essential concepts from Chapters 1-4 in Anatomy and Physiology, focusing on the structure and function of biomolecules and cellular components.

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Steroids

are composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings. There are a lot of different steroids with different functions. The primary functions include acting as chemical messengers (hormones) and stabilizing cell membranes (cholesterol) and facilitating fat digestion (bile).
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Steroids
are composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings. There are a lot of different steroids with different functions. The primary functions include acting as c...
Eicosanoids
function as chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities
Phospholipids and glycolipids
are lipids that have phosphate-containing groups or sugars attached to them; they function as components of cell membranes
PROTEINS
Proteins are a functionally diverse group of molecules with very similar primary structures. They consist of amino acids bonded to one another by pept...
The functions of proteins is variable, including
catalysis (enzymes), transport (plasma membrane proteins, hemoglobin& lipoproteins), chemical messengers (some hormones and neurotransmitters), immuni...
NUCLEIC ACIDS
are chains of nucleotides bonded to one another (i.e., monomers = nucleotides; polymers
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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 2
TermDefinition
Steroids
are composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings. There are a lot of different steroids with different functions. The primary functions include acting as chemical messengers (hormones) and stabilizing cell membranes (cholesterol) and facilitating fat digestion (bile).
Eicosanoids
function as chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities
Phospholipids and glycolipids
are lipids that have phosphate-containing groups or sugars attached to them; they function as components of cell membranes
PROTEINS
Proteins are a functionally diverse group of molecules with very similar primary structures. They consist of amino acids bonded to one another by peptide bonds.
The functions of proteins is variable, including
catalysis (enzymes), transport (plasma membrane proteins, hemoglobin& lipoproteins), chemical messengers (some hormones and neurotransmitters), immunity and defense.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
are chains of nucleotides bonded to one another (i.e., monomers = nucleotides; polymers
polymers
nucleic acids).
Nucleic acids function
in containing hereditary information, containing information about proteins and performing protein synthesis.
The first Structural levels of organization
the primary sequence is the linear sequence of amino acids in the chain.
The secondary structural levels of organization sequence
is the twisting or coiling of the linear chain, which results from hydrogen bonds that occur at regular intervals along the chain.
The Third structural levels of organization
tertiary sequence is the folding of the coiled chain and is a result of interactions between R groups, which means that it varies depending on the primary structure.
fourth structural levels of organization
the tertiary structure is the aggregation of two or more coiled chains. The 3-D shape of a protein influences its function. The tertiary sequence is critical in dictating the overall 3-dimensional shape. The surface of the molecule will contain regions for binding to other molecules; the shape of these regions is critical to proper functioning.
The two structural classes of proteins are
globular proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins typically function in providing structural framework & mechanical support or movement.
Globular proteins tend to serve a wider variety of functions, including
catalysis (enzymes), molecular chaperones, transport, regulate pH, regulate metabolism and defense.
Enzyme
a molecule composed at least partially of protein which catalyzes a biochemical reaction
Apoenzyme
the protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor (or coenzyme)
Holoenzyme
the apoenzyme + cofactor (or coenzyme)
Cofactor
a substance that may be required for the proper functioning of an enzyme, which is either a metal ion or a coenzyme
Coenzyme
a large organic molecule that may be required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
RNA consists
of a single strand of nucleotides. It functions in protein synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
DNA consists
of two strands of nucleotides (at least in humans and most other organisms) that are twisted to form a helix. It functions in passing hereditary information from one generation to the next and in containing instructions for making all proteins within the cell.
ADP
(adenosine diphosphate)
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate).
ATP
is the energy currency of the cell. When excess energy is given off from a chemical energy, the energy is used to make ATP from ADP, which stores it for use elsewhere. When energy is needed to drive a chemical reaction ATP is broken down to ADP and the energy from that terminal bond is released.
Monosaccharides are
the monomers of carbohydrates; the most common is glucose. It is used as a direct energy source.
Polysaccharides are
carbohydrate polymers that are formed by dehydration synthesis that attaches many monosaccharides together.
Polysaccharides are used
to store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals) or for structural support (cellulose in plants and chitin in some animals).
Fatty acids
are monomers of triglycerides.
Triglycerides
are lipid polymers and are composed of a glycerol (three-carbon) backbone with fatty acids attached.
BONUS:Triglycerides are also
called neutral fats and their function is long-term energy storage, protection and insulation.
Steroids are
lipids composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings. There are a lot of different steroids with different functions.
the primary functions of steriods
include acting as chemical messengers (hormones) and stabilizing cell membranes (cholesterol) and facilitating fat digestion (bile).
Amino acids
are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins;
Peptide bonds
are the bonds that form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
nucleotides
are the monomers of nucleic acids.
The plasma membrane
is a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with proteins and cholesterol imbedded in the membrane and sugar and proteins attached to the surfaces.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged
with the phosphate heads pointing outward and the fatty acid tails pointing toward one another.
The phospholipids
form the basic backbone of the membrane and function to physically isolate the cell from its surroundings.
The phospholipids do what
also allow very small molecules to pass through the membrane. The cholesterol molecules that are interspersed between phospholipids function to stabilize the membrane and give it some rigidity. The proteins in the membrane serve a variety of functions.
The sugars in the membrane
are attached to other molecules and function in cell adhesion and recognition.