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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 5

Anatomy and Physiology35 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers essential concepts from Chapters 1-4 of Anatomy and Physiology, focusing on DNA replication, cell division, RNA functions, and tissue types.

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In DNA replication

each chromosome unwinds and the two strands unzip from one another. A new strand is built using each of the two unzipped strands as templates. Now each chromosome has an exact duplicate (called sister chromatid) and each chromatid consists of a new strand attached to an old strand.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
In DNA replication
each chromosome unwinds and the two strands unzip from one another. A new strand is built using each of the two unzipped strands as templates. Now eac...
Mitosis is
the division of the nuclear material and cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasmic material (which coincides with the last stage of mitosis).
The stages of mitosis are
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
In prophase
the nuclear membrane breaks down, the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms. In metaphase the chromosomes line up at the equator of the c...
In anaphase
the sister chromatids (exact copies of one another) are separated from one another by the shortening of the proteins in the mitotic spindle. One set o...
In telophase
the chromatids have arrived at the two opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane begins to reform and the chromosomes begin to decondense (leng...
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Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Part 5
TermDefinition
In DNA replication
each chromosome unwinds and the two strands unzip from one another. A new strand is built using each of the two unzipped strands as templates. Now each chromosome has an exact duplicate (called sister chromatid) and each chromatid consists of a new strand attached to an old strand.
Mitosis is
the division of the nuclear material and cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasmic material (which coincides with the last stage of mitosis).
The stages of mitosis are
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
In prophase
the nuclear membrane breaks down, the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms. In metaphase the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and are attached to the spindle by their centromeres.
In anaphase
the sister chromatids (exact copies of one another) are separated from one another by the shortening of the proteins in the mitotic spindle. One set of chromatids is pulled to one side of the cell and the other set is pulled to the other side of the cell.
In telophase
the chromatids have arrived at the two opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane begins to reform and the chromosomes begin to decondense (lengthen out again).
Cytokinesis
is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell and it occurs during telophase.
Transcription occurs
in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm (at the ribosomes).
DNA
contains the information on how to make all of the proteins that the cell synthesizes.
mRNA
messenger RNA is a 'transcript' of the section of DNA that describes how to make a particular protein.
tRNA
transfer RNA the RNA that is hooked to an amino acid that brings the amino acids and attaches them to the growing protein.
rRNA
ribosomal RNA the RNA that forms part of the ribosome.
In transcription
a section of DNA containing the instructions for a particular protein is exposed and a mRNA is built by matching the bases to the DNA (mRNA is made from DNA).
Genetic code
the way that amino acid sequences of a protein are encrypted or encoded in the nucleotide base sequences of DNA.
3 bases of DNA
1 word in the genetic language and represents an amino acid.
Codon
the three nucleotide base sequence of mRNA corresponding to a particular amino acid.
Anticodon
the three nucleotide base sequence of tRNA that will be matched to the codon of the mRNA.
Translation is
the formation of a polypeptide chain (protein) from a mRNA molecule.
The mRNA
connects to a ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time (one word or codon).
tRNA
brings in the matching anticodon and the amino acid that is attached. This amino acid is attached to the growing protein by a peptide bond and then the next codon is read. This continues until a STOP word is reached and translation ends.
The 3 types of extracellular materials are
body fluids, cellular secretions and extracellular matrix.
Body fluids are important
in transporting and dissolving substances (e.g., interstitial fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid).
Cellular secretions include
substances released by cells for digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and lubrication (saliva, mucus and serous fluid).
Extracellular matrix
is a jelly-like substance outside of cells composed of proteins and polysaccharides. It is secreted by cells and creates a mesh that surrounds cells.
Differentiation
a developmental process by which cells become more and more specialized for a particular function.
Apoptosis
programmed cell death.
Hyperplasia
accelerated growth.
Tissue
collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions.
Histology
study of tissues.
EPITHELIAL
covers exposed body surfaces lines internal passageways, hollow organs, body cavities and ducts forms glands.
CONNECTIVE
Tendons, ligaments, under epithelia, blood, bone, cartilage fills internal spaces structural support & protection for other tissues transport of materials binds organs together stores energy reserves as fat.
MUSCLE
In muscles movement & generation of force generates heat.
NERVOUS
brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors carries information from one part of body to another via electrical impulses.
List and describe the two major types of epithelial tissue
covering and lining epithelium forms superficial layer of skin and some internal organs forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities forms interiors of respiratory, digestive, urinary and repro systems glandular epithelium constitutes secreting portion of glands.
The six major functions of epithelial tissue include
absorption, protection, excretion, filtration, secretion and sensory reception.