Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Chapter 3: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Part 1
How many other atoms does Carbon bond to?
4
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
How many other atoms does Carbon bond to?
4
What are macromolecules?
polymers built from monomers
What do carbohydrates serve as?
fuel and building materials
What are lipids?
a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
What do proteins include?
a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
What do nucleic acids do?
store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
How many other atoms does Carbon bond to? | 4 |
What are macromolecules? | polymers built from monomers |
What do carbohydrates serve as? | fuel and building materials |
What are lipids? | a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules |
What do proteins include? | a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions |
What do nucleic acids do? | store, transmit, and help express hereditary information |
Living organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on what element? | Carbon |
What does Carbon account for? | the large diversity of biomolecules |
What are organic compounds? | compounds containing carbon |
What type of bonds can carbon form? | single and double |
How do carbon structures vary? | in length: they may be linear, branched, or arranged in a closed ring |
What are hydrocarbons? | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen which are a major part of fossil fuels like petroleum and make up hydrophobic fatty acid tails of lipids |
What are isomers? | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and therefore different properties |
How do structural isomers differ? | in their covalent arrangements of their atoms |
What are cis-trans isomers? | when carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
What is a cis isomer? | when both x’s are on the same side of the double bond |
What is a trans isomer? | when both x’s are on opposite sides of the double bond |
What is an enantiomer? | isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon |
What is an asymmetric carbon? | a carbon that is attached to 4 different covalent partners or groups |
What are functional groups? | chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
Why is an -OH? | a hydroxyl group |
What properties does hydroxyl have? | soluble in water |
What is -C=O | a carbonyl group |
What is the compound name if the carbonyl group is at the end of an organic compound? | aldehyde |
What is the compound name if the carbonyl group is not at the end of an organic compound? | ketone |
What is -COOH? | a carboxyl group |
What are compounds containing carboxyl groups known as? | organic acids that have a sour taste |
What is -NH2? | an amino group |
What is the name of a compound with an amino group? | an amine |
What is an amino acid? | a compound that has an amino group and a carboxyl group |
What is -SH? | a sulfhydryl group |
What is a sulfhydryl group very similar to? | a hydroxyl group |
What does a sulfhydryl group do? | help stabilize proteins |
What common molecule has a sulfhydryl group? | cysteine |
What is -PO4 | A phosphate group |
What is a phosphate group used in? | energy transfers |
What are the basic functional groups? | amino |
What are the acidic functional groups? | phosphate group and carboxyl group |
What are the three major classes of macromolecules? | carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and nucleic acids |
What are macromolecules? | chainlike molecules that consist of individual building blocks |
What is each individual building block of a macromolecule called? | a monomer |
What is a dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction? | the formation of macromolecules occurs through chemical reactions where one molecule of water is released |
What is a hydrolysis reaction? | when large macromolecules (polymers) are broken down into individual monomers. |
What is needed for a hydrolysis reaction? | water and an enzyme |
The vast variety of macromolecules is a direct result of? | a relatively small number of monomers that can be put together in an infinite number of combinations |
What are the monomers of proteins? | amino acids |
What are the three classes of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
What are examples of monosaccharides? | glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde |
What are examples of disaccharides? | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
What are examples of polysaccharides? | starch, glycogen, chitin |