Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Chapter 3: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Part 2
Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what?
CH2O
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what?
CH2O
What are the two basic characteristics of a sugar?
a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group
How are sugars most often found?
as rings in aqueous solutions
What is released when a disaccharide is formed from a monosaccharide?
Water
What is a glycoside linkage?
the covalent bond that is formed between two monosaccharides
How are polysaccharides formed?
when hundreds of monosaccharides are linked together
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what? | CH2O |
What are the two basic characteristics of a sugar? | a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group |
How are sugars most often found? | as rings in aqueous solutions |
What is released when a disaccharide is formed from a monosaccharide? | Water |
What is a glycoside linkage? | the covalent bond that is formed between two monosaccharides |
How are polysaccharides formed? | when hundreds of monosaccharides are linked together |
What are the primary functions of polysaccharides? | structural and energy storage |
What is starch? | an energy storage molecule in plants that is made up of a long chain of glucose monomers |
What is glycogen? | in humans, glycogen is stored in the liver as an energy source |
What is cellulose? | the structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants |
How do starch and glycogen differ? | starch is linear or slightly branched or glycogen is extensively branched |
What is the main difference between starch and cellulose? | cellulose has beta linkages |
What is chitin? | a structural carbohydrate that makes up the exoskeleton of insects |
How are lipids different from other macromolecules? | lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers and are not generally big enough to be considered true macromolecules |
What important trait do all lipids share? | they are hydrophobic |
What are fats also known as? | triglycerides, composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol |
What is Glucose + Fructose? | Sucrose |
What is Glucose + Galactose? | Lactose |
What is Glucose + Glucose? | Maltose |
Why is glycerol an alcohol? | due to the fact that it has hydroxyls as a functional group and therefore very soluble in water |
Why are the long chain of fatty acids 'acids'? | due to it having carboxyl groups at the end |
What is released when fat is formed? | water, which is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction |
What are the specific type of bonds that are formed between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in fats? | Ester linkages |
What is a saturated fatty acid? | a fatty acid that has zero double bonds between carbon atoms and therefore as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton |
What is an unsaturated fatty acid? | a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and therefore has fewer hydrogen atoms on each double bonded carbon |
Nearly every double bond in naturally occurring acids is what type of bond? | a cis double bond |
What does a cis double bond create? | a kink or bend in the hydrocarbon chain |
What are most animal fats? | Saturated meaning that they lack double bonds and their flexibility allows the fat molecules to pack together tightly forming a solid at room temperature |
Fats of plants and fishes are generally what type of fatty acid? | unsaturated and usually liquids at room temperatures and are therefore referred to as oils, DUE TO THE DOUBLE BOND |
What does hydrogenated vegetable oils refer to? | unsaturated acids that have been converted to saturated fatty acids by adding hydrogen that enables them to solidify. This produces trans double bonds which can contribute to coronary heart disease |
What is the major function of fats? | energy storage |
What is a phospholipid? | A molecule with a phosphate group on its head, making it hydrophilic but a fatty acid tail, making it hydrophobic at the tail |
Why are phospholipids essential for cells? | because they are major components of cell membranes |
What happens when phospholipids are added to water? | they assemble into double layered structures called a bilayer which shields their hydrocarbon tails from the water |
What are steroids? | lipids that consist of a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
What are the monomers of proteins? | amino acids |
What is the characteristic of each amino acid determined by? | the R group it contains |
What is a bond between amino acids called? | a peptide bond |
What is a protein? | a biologically functional structure made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
How is a peptide bond formed? | when two amino acids are aligned with their carboxyl and amino group adjacent to one another a condensation reaction occurs |