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Chapter 3: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Part 2

Biology40 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers the key concepts and definitions related to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, focusing on their structures, functions, and characteristics.

Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what?

CH2O
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what?
CH2O
What are the two basic characteristics of a sugar?
a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group
How are sugars most often found?
as rings in aqueous solutions
What is released when a disaccharide is formed from a monosaccharide?
Water
What is a glycoside linkage?
the covalent bond that is formed between two monosaccharides
How are polysaccharides formed?
when hundreds of monosaccharides are linked together

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TermDefinition
Generally, monosaccharides have a molecular formula of what?
CH2O
What are the two basic characteristics of a sugar?
a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group
How are sugars most often found?
as rings in aqueous solutions
What is released when a disaccharide is formed from a monosaccharide?
Water
What is a glycoside linkage?
the covalent bond that is formed between two monosaccharides
How are polysaccharides formed?
when hundreds of monosaccharides are linked together
What are the primary functions of polysaccharides?
structural and energy storage
What is starch?
an energy storage molecule in plants that is made up of a long chain of glucose monomers
What is glycogen?
in humans, glycogen is stored in the liver as an energy source
What is cellulose?
the structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants
How do starch and glycogen differ?
starch is linear or slightly branched or glycogen is extensively branched
What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?
cellulose has beta linkages
What is chitin?
a structural carbohydrate that makes up the exoskeleton of insects
How are lipids different from other macromolecules?
lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers and are not generally big enough to be considered true macromolecules
What important trait do all lipids share?
they are hydrophobic
What are fats also known as?
triglycerides, composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
What is Glucose + Fructose?
Sucrose
What is Glucose + Galactose?
Lactose
What is Glucose + Glucose?
Maltose
Why is glycerol an alcohol?
due to the fact that it has hydroxyls as a functional group and therefore very soluble in water
Why are the long chain of fatty acids 'acids'?
due to it having carboxyl groups at the end
What is released when fat is formed?
water, which is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction
What are the specific type of bonds that are formed between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in fats?
Ester linkages
What is a saturated fatty acid?
a fatty acid that has zero double bonds between carbon atoms and therefore as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and therefore has fewer hydrogen atoms on each double bonded carbon
Nearly every double bond in naturally occurring acids is what type of bond?
a cis double bond
What does a cis double bond create?
a kink or bend in the hydrocarbon chain
What are most animal fats?
Saturated meaning that they lack double bonds and their flexibility allows the fat molecules to pack together tightly forming a solid at room temperature
Fats of plants and fishes are generally what type of fatty acid?
unsaturated and usually liquids at room temperatures and are therefore referred to as oils, DUE TO THE DOUBLE BOND
What does hydrogenated vegetable oils refer to?
unsaturated acids that have been converted to saturated fatty acids by adding hydrogen that enables them to solidify. This produces trans double bonds which can contribute to coronary heart disease
What is the major function of fats?
energy storage
What is a phospholipid?
A molecule with a phosphate group on its head, making it hydrophilic but a fatty acid tail, making it hydrophobic at the tail
Why are phospholipids essential for cells?
because they are major components of cell membranes
What happens when phospholipids are added to water?
they assemble into double layered structures called a bilayer which shields their hydrocarbon tails from the water
What are steroids?
lipids that consist of a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
What is the characteristic of each amino acid determined by?
the R group it contains
What is a bond between amino acids called?
a peptide bond
What is a protein?
a biologically functional structure made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
How is a peptide bond formed?
when two amino acids are aligned with their carboxyl and amino group adjacent to one another a condensation reaction occurs