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Chapter 3: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Part 3

Biology31 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to protein structure, nucleic acids, and their roles in biological processes, as outlined in Chapter 3.

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What does the function of a protein depend on?

its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules: providing an excellent example of the marriage of form and function
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does the function of a protein depend on?
its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules: providing an excellent example of the marriage of form and function
What is primary structure?
the sequence of Amino Acids in a polypeptide that is held together by peptide bonds
What is a secondary structure of a protein?
the coils and folds that occur over the length of the primary structure that are stabalized by hydrogen bonds between atoms
What is an aplpha helix?
a coil that is produced due to H-bonding between every 4th amino acid
What is a beta pleated sheet?
a conformation where peptide chains lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds
What is silk?
a structural protein that is dominated by beta pleated shetts
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Chapter 3: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Part 3
TermDefinition
What does the function of a protein depend on?
its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules: providing an excellent example of the marriage of form and function
What is primary structure?
the sequence of Amino Acids in a polypeptide that is held together by peptide bonds
What is a secondary structure of a protein?
the coils and folds that occur over the length of the primary structure that are stabalized by hydrogen bonds between atoms
What is an aplpha helix?
a coil that is produced due to H-bonding between every 4th amino acid
What is a beta pleated sheet?
a conformation where peptide chains lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds
What is silk?
a structural protein that is dominated by beta pleated shetts
What is a tertiary structure?
the three dimensional shape stabilize by the interactions between the side chains of amino acids (R groups)
What do hydrophobic interatctions cause?
non-polar side chains to congregate in the center of the molecule due to the fact that they are nonpolar and are pushedaway from the surrouunding water
What are disulfide bridges?
covalent bonds that occur between cysteine monomers
What is wuaternary structure?
the structure that is created when two or more poplypeptides are aggregated, which creates the overall properties of some proteins
How many polypeptides is hemogoblin made out of?
4: 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits
What is sickle-cell disease?
a disease caused by a mutation that changes 1 amino acid in the primary structure of hemogoblin. The change is due to valine being substituted in for glutamic acid
When can proteins lose thier natural conformation?
if the pH, concentration, temperature, or other aspects of the protein's enviroment
What is denaturation?
a loss of natural conformation
What is renaturation?
a return to the normal conformation
What is X-ray crystallography?
the method most commonly used to determnine the 3-D shape of proteins
How do Alzheimer's Parkison's and mad cow disease relate to biochem?
these diseases are caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins
What are nucleic acids?
the biomolecules that carry the information of a cell. One gener carries the information necessary to prpduce the amino acids of one protein
What are the two basic types of nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
Describe how a polypeptide is produced?
DNA is transcribed in the nucleues into the nucleic acid RNA. The information then leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm of the cell. The information is then translated at the ribosome (which are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells) and a polypeptide is produced.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
How are nucleotides bound in nucleic acids?
through a dehydration synthesis reaction which releases water
What are the bases found in DNA?
A, T, G, C
What are the bases found in RNA?
A, U, G, C
How many strands is DNA made out of?
How many strands is RNA made out of
What is the structure of dna called
double helix
How are the strands of DNA held together?
through hydrogen bonds
What does antiparallel mean?
the sugar and phsophate backbones run in opposite directions
What does cytosine bond with?
guanine
What deos adenine only bond with
Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA
Explain how an analysis of DNA and protein primary structure cna give evidence of evolutionary relatedness between organisms.
Because DNA is passed from generation to generation so siblings have similar DNA