Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell - Key Concepts Part 1
Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell - Key Concepts Part 1
This deck covers essential concepts from Chapter 4, focusing on cell structure, microscopy, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Who were cells first seen by?
Robert Hooke, as he studied the bark of an oak tree
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Who were cells first seen by?
Robert Hooke, as he studied the bark of an oak tree
Who first saw living cells?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
What is a light microscope?
A microscope in which visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses that refract the light and magnify it
What is magnification?
The ratio of an object's image size to its real size
How much can light microscopes magnify up to?
1000x
What is resolution?
The measure of the clarity of an image: the minimum distance that two points can be distinguished as separate points
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Who were cells first seen by? | Robert Hooke, as he studied the bark of an oak tree |
Who first saw living cells? | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
What is a light microscope? | A microscope in which visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses that refract the light and magnify it |
What is magnification? | The ratio of an object's image size to its real size |
How much can light microscopes magnify up to? | 1000x |
What is resolution? | The measure of the clarity of an image: the minimum distance that two points can be distinguished as separate points |
What is contrast? | The difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image. This is usually enhanced by staining |
What does the electron microscope do? | Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen allowing scientists to study the membrane-enclosed structures called organelles inside the cells. These images are about 100x more powerful than the light microscope but unfortunately it kills living cells |
How is the scanning electron microscope especially useful? | For a detailed study of the topography of a specimen |
How can the Transmission electron microscope be used for? | To look at the interior structure of a cell |
What is cytology? | The study of cell structure |
What is cell fractionation? | A very useful technique of studying cell structure and function which takes cells apart and spun down to separate the organelles and other structures |
Explain the timeline of cell theory. | In 1838 Matthias Shielden and Theodore Schwann came up with the first two parts of cell theory, while Rudolf Virchow contributed the third in 1855 |
What is the first part of cell theory? | Cells are the basic unit of structure and function |
What is the second part of cell theory? | All living things are made up of one or more cells |
What is the third part of cell theory? | All cells come from pre-existing cells |
What domains consist of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and Archae |
What domains consist of eukaryotic cells? | Protists, fungi, animals, and plants |
What are all cells bounded by? | A selective barrier, called the plasma membrane which surrounds a semifluid, jellylike substance called cytosol |
What else do all cells contain? | Chromosomes and ribosomes |
What do chromosomes do? | Carry genes in the form of DNA |
What are ribosomes? | Tiny complexes that make proteins according to the instructions from the genes |
Where is DNA held in a Eukaryotic cell? | In an organelle called the nucleus which has a double membrane surrounding it |
Where is DNA concentrated in a Prokaryotic cell? | In a region that is not membrane enclosed called the nucleoid |
Which cell evolved first: Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic cells |
How long in diameter are typical bacteria? | 1-5 micrometers |
How long in diameter are typical eukaryotic cells? | 10 - 100 micrometers |
How does the plasma membrane function? | As a selective barrier that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell |
What happens as a cell increases in size? | The surface area of a cell grows proportionately less than its volume |
T/F: Larger organisms do not have larger cells than smaller organisms | False - they simply have MORE cells |
What does the nucleus contain? | Most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. |
If not in the nucleus, where are the other genes? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
What are mitochondria and chloroplasts surrounded by? | A nuclear envelope which separates its contents from the surrounding cytoplasm. |
How is DNA organized in the nucleus? | Into discrete organisms called chromosomes |
What are chromosomes? | Structures that carry the genetic information |
What are thin strands of uncoiled DNA called? | Chromatin |
What is chromatin wrapped in? | Proteins called histones |
What is the nucleolus? | The dark staining, non-dividing region of the nucleus |
What happens at the nucleolus? | Ribosomal DNA is made from DNA and the subunits of ribosomes are produced |
What are ribosomes? | Complexes of rRNA and proteins that carry out synthesis of proteins. |
Are ribosomes membrane bound? | No - therefore, they are not considered organelles |
In what two locations do ribosomes build proteins? | Free proteins, which are suspended in the cytosol, and bound ribosomes, which are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope |
Where do most of the proteins produced by free ribosomes function? | Inside the cell |
Where do most of the proteins produced by bound ribosomes function? | Outside the cell - through secretion |
What parts are included in the endomembrane system? | Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane |