Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Part 2
Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Part 2
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter 4, focusing on the structure and function of various cellular components, including the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the cytoskeleton.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
a network of membrane tubules and sacs that is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and is composed of ribosome-studded regions (rough ER) and ribosome-free regions (smooth ER)
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
a network of membrane tubules and sacs that is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and is composed of ribosome-studded regions (rough ER) and r...
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions
What is the rough er?
the network that has ribosomes attached that are designed to make proteins that will be secreted out of the cell
What are glycoproteins?
proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates and are secreted out of the cell
What is a lysosome?
a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules
Who produces the lysosome?
the golgi apparatus
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? | a network of membrane tubules and sacs that is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and is composed of ribosome-studded regions (rough ER) and ribosome-free regions (smooth ER) |
What are the functions of the smooth ER? | Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions |
What is the rough er? | the network that has ribosomes attached that are designed to make proteins that will be secreted out of the cell |
What are glycoproteins? | proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates and are secreted out of the cell |
What is a lysosome? | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules |
Who produces the lysosome? | the golgi apparatus |
How do amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotes eat? | by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles in a process called phagocytosis. Then the food vacuole formed in this way then fuses with a lysosome whose enzymes digest the food |
What is autophagy? | a process in which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material |
What are vacuoles? | large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
How are food vacuoles formed? | by phagocytosis and contain materials for digesting |
What do contractile vacuoles do? | pump out excess water in freshwater unicellular eukaryotes |
What is a central vacuole? | a vacuole found in mature plant cells that stores water and other ions |
In eukaryotic cells, what are the organelles that convert energy to forms cells can use for work. | Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
What does the endosymbiont theory state? | that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using prokaryotic cell. The two cells eventually formed a symbiotic relationship and merged into a single organism. |
What are mitochondria? | sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, and other fuels. It is a double membrane organelle. |
What is the inner membrane known as? | cristae |
What does cristae do? | increases surface area |
What are chloroplasts? | the sites of photosynthesis and are found in plants and algae |
What are chlorophyll? | A green pigment in chloroplasts, that function in the photosynthetic production of glucose. |
What are thylakoids? | Another membranous system of sacs inside the chloroplasts that are the site of the light reaction of photosynthesis |
What are a stack of thylakoids called? | granum |
What surrounds thylakoids? | a fluid called the stroma which is the site of the light-independent reaction that produces sugar |
What are peroxisomes? | specialized metabolic compartments that contain enzymes that remove oxygen atoms from molecules and add them to water forming hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). They then later break down this toxic substance for removal from the body |
What is the cytoskeleton? | a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell |
What can motor proteins do? | attach to the cytoskeleton to move things within the cell |
What type of fibers is the cytoskeleton made up of? | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
What are microtubules? | hollow tubes (used in centrioles, cilia, and flagella) zip lines for vacuoles |
What are microfilaments? | two intertwined strands of actin for movement of the cell, cytokinesis |
What are intermediate filaments? | fibrous proteins supercoiled into cables |
In animal cells, where do microtubules grow out from? | centrosomes |
What are centrosomes? | a structure that functions as a microtubule organization center that is very important during cell division. It has two centrioles arranged in 9 microtubule triplets. |
What are cilia and flagella? | means of locomotion in cells. Motile cilia usually occur in large numbers over the surface while flagella are usually limited to one or a few per cell. |
What is a cell wall? | a rigid covering of a plant cell that is made primarily of cellulose which is a structural polysaccharide |
What is the primary cell wall? | the thin and flexible wall secreted by young plants |
What is the middle lamella? | a thin layer rich in pectin that helps glue the cells together |
What is the secondary cell wall? | the thicker layer found inside of the primary cell wall and outside of the cell membrane; secreted as the cell matures |
What are plasmodesmata? | channels between plant cells that allow for communication and transfer of materials between cells (analogous to gap junctions in animals). |
What are central vacuole? | large storage areas for plants helps to maintain Turgor Pressure |
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)? | the substance in which animal cells are embedded. It consists of proteins and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells |
What are tight junctions? | junctions that form belts around a cell that help to prevent leakage of extracellular fluids. Epithelial linings to prevent fluid leakage. |
What are desmosomes, or anchoring junctions? | act like rivets holding cells together in strong epithelial sheets |
What are gap junctions? | communication junctions that allow for the passage of materials between cells. (Similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells.) |