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Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function Part 1

Anatomy and Physiology35 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the structure and function of cell membranes, including the roles of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in membrane dynamics and permeability.

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What is the plasma membrane?

The barrier of all living cells and exhibits selective permeability due to the fact that it allows some substances to move easily across while keeping others out.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is the plasma membrane?
The barrier of all living cells and exhibits selective permeability due to the fact that it allows some substances to move easily across while keeping...
What are aquaporins?
One type of membrane protein that allows for water to pass through a membrane (many more than would pass through on their own).
What are lipids?
And proteins are the main ingredients of membranes, carbohydrates also make up part of the membrane.
What does amphipathic mean?
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
What does the fluid mosaic model explain?
The liquid nature of the membrane with proteins embedded in it.
How thick is the plasma membrane?
Two layers thick, hence its name.
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Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function Part 1
TermDefinition
What is the plasma membrane?
The barrier of all living cells and exhibits selective permeability due to the fact that it allows some substances to move easily across while keeping others out.
What are aquaporins?
One type of membrane protein that allows for water to pass through a membrane (many more than would pass through on their own).
What are lipids?
And proteins are the main ingredients of membranes, carbohydrates also make up part of the membrane.
What does amphipathic mean?
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
What does the fluid mosaic model explain?
The liquid nature of the membrane with proteins embedded in it.
How thick is the plasma membrane?
Two layers thick, hence its name.
What is the membrane also known as?
A mosaic due to its variety and number of components.
What is a glycoprotein’s function?
Cell recognition.
What are oligosaccharides’ function?
Tags for membrane, markers.
What are glycolipids’ used for?
Cell recognition.
What is the extracellular matrix’s function?
Hold some peripheral proteins - support.
What is the cytoskeleton’s function?
Give structure to the cell, helps to facilitate movement.
What is the integral proteins’ function?
Transport molecules into & out of cells.
What is peripheral proteins’ functions?
Act as enzyme to carry out chemical reactions.
What is cholesterol’s function?
Maintains liquid nature of the cell membrane.
Is it possible for phospholipids to move easily within the cell membrane? Explain.
Phospholipids are held together (to other phospholipids) primarily by hydrophobic interactions, which are much weaker than covalent bonds (they move through the membrane like party goers moving through a room).
Explain what occurred with Larry Frye and Michael Edidin’s experiment and what it showed.
They labeled the proteins of a mouse and human cell and then saw how they mixed (moved) across the membrane over one hour.
What would you conclude about the proteins if, in a similar experiment, the proteins did not move at all?
You would assume that they are connected to the cytoskeleton of the cell.
What are the reasons that a membrane remains fluid at low temperatures?
Unsaturated fatty acids in plant cells, and cholesterol molecules in animal cells.
What do fish that live in cold environments have?
A high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their phospholipids allowing their membranes to remain fluid at low temperatures.
Plants that are able to tolerate extreme cold will have:
Higher percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the winter, and low percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the summer.
What are integral proteins?
Proteins that extend all the way or partially through the cell membrane (the majority are transmembrane proteins).
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that lie completely outside the bilayer.
What are functions of the membrane protein?
Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining (tight junction, gap junction), attach to cytoskeleton and ECM.
What do glycoproteins and glycolipids help to identify?
Cells, e.g., cell recognition, sorting of cells into embryonic tissues, identifying foreign cells.
How are transmembrane glycoproteins oriented in the ER?
Carb portion facing into the ER for modification.
How are transmembrane glycoproteins oriented in the Golgi apparatus?
Carb portion facing into the Golgi for modification.
Briefly explain how transmembrane glycoproteins are oriented in the transport vesicle?
Carb portion facing into the vesicle.
Explain how the transmembrane glycoproteins are oriented in the plasma membrane?
Carb portion facing out of the cell.
What is selective permeability?
Due to the fact that molecules do not indiscriminately cross the cell membrane results in selective permeability. The cell is able to allow some small molecules to pass through while excluding molecules.
What molecules can pass easily through the plasma membrane?
Small, nonpolar molecules.
What cells do NOT pass easily through the plasma membrane?
Polar and large molecules, who require a protein channel.
What do transport proteins do?
Carry hydrophilic molecules across the plasma membrane, speeding up the movement of two molecules.
What are the two types of transport proteins?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins.
What is a carrier protein?
A protein specific to a certain (group) molecule and hold on to their passengers translocating them across the membrane (protein denaturing for a reason).