Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Cognitive Psychology Chapter X Language in Context II
Cognitive Psychology Chapter X Language in Context II
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter X of Cognitive Psychology, focusing on language in context, including speech acts, indirect speech, aphasia, and language in nonhuman animals.
Basic distinction of speech acts:
• direct • indirect (“durch die Blume”)
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Basic distinction of speech acts:
• direct • indirect (“durch die Blume”)
Four basic ways of making indirect speech acts:
• asking or making statements about abilities • stating a desire • stating a future action • citing reasons
5 categories of speech acts (after Searle):
• representative • directive • commissive • expressive • declaration (performative)
Representative:
conveying a belief “It’s important for Jack to learn responsibility.”
Directive:
getting sby else to do sth “Could you please help me shovel the snow?”
Commissive:
a commitment, promise etc. “I am busy now, but I will help you in 5 min.”
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Basic distinction of speech acts: | • direct • indirect (“durch die Blume”) |
Four basic ways of making indirect speech acts: | • asking or making statements about abilities • stating a desire • stating a future action • citing reasons |
5 categories of speech acts (after Searle): | • representative • directive • commissive • expressive • declaration (performative) |
Representative: | conveying a belief “It’s important for Jack to learn responsibility.” |
Directive: | getting sby else to do sth “Could you please help me shovel the snow?” |
Commissive: | a commitment, promise etc. “I am busy now, but I will help you in 5 min.” |
Expressive: | statement about my psychological state “I am glad, you could make it” |
Declaration / Performative: | speech act itself changes environment “You are fired” “I hereby declare you …” |
Pinker’s three part theory of indirect speech: | communication always a mixture of cooperation and conflict -> ambiguous requests -> listener can accept or decline without openly doing so |
Pinker’s 3 purposes of indirect speech: | • plausible deniability (being indirect to allow later denial, e.g. of bribe) • relationship negotiation (resolving one’s nature of relationship) • language as a digital medium of indirect and dircet communication (something more, e.g. “The emporer is naked!”) |
The 4 conversational postulates: | maximes of • quality • quantity • relation • manner |
The cooperative principle underlies our efforts to .. | .. communicate in ways that make it easier for the listener to understand what we mean. |
Nim Chimpsky: | Chimpanzee able to sign a lot of signs, but no preference for specific syntax. |
Koko: | Seems to be able to express desires and thoughts, even humor and to create new signs. |
Why study language in nonhuman animals (4 reasons)? | • simpler cognitive systems • you can do invasive and amoral stuff • full-time subjects • evolutionary interesting |
Wernicke’s Aphasia | • Production of sentences with correct structure, but lacking any sense. • Impairment of understanding spoken language. |
Broca’s Aphasia | • Production of agrammatical speech. • Verbal comprehension preserved. |
Global Aphasia | • lesions to both Wernicke’s and Broca’s area • highly impared comprehension and production |
Anomic aphasia | • difficulties in naming objects or in retrieving words |
Autism is a … | … developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behavior, language and cognition. |
In autism actions may be repeated over and over again. In Speech the same happens and is called … | … echolalia |
Semantic processing in the brain: | • ventral temporal lobes • angular gyrus • inferior frontal gyrus • posterior cingulate gyrus • dorsal prefrontal cortex |