Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Cognitive Psychology Chapter XII - Decision Making II
Cognitive Psychology Chapter XII - Decision Making II
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter XII of Cognitive Psychology, focusing on decision making, syllogisms, reasoning biases, and dual-process theories.
What’s a property of a categorical syllogism?
The premises state something about the category memberships of the term. • All cogscis are sexy people. • All sexy people have a lot of sex. • All cogscis have a lot of sex.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What’s a property of a categorical syllogism?
The premises state something about the category memberships of the term. • All cogscis are sexy people. • All sexy people have a lot of sex. • All cog...
4 kinds of premises:
• universal affirmatives (All A are B) • universal negative statements (no A is B) • particular affirmative statements (some A are B) • particular neg...
Categorical syllogisms can be represented as …
… circle diagrams.
A theory about how people solve categorical syllogisms is the atmosphere bias. 2 basic ideas of this theory:
• if there is at least one negative premise, people prefer a negative solution. • if there is at least one particular among the premises, people will ...
What can we use to solve syllogisms?
mental models
A bias in deductive reasoning:
confirmation bias (2 4 6 -> we seek confirmation rather than disconfirmation)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What’s a property of a categorical syllogism? | The premises state something about the category memberships of the term. • All cogscis are sexy people. • All sexy people have a lot of sex. • All cogscis have a lot of sex. |
4 kinds of premises: | • universal affirmatives (All A are B) • universal negative statements (no A is B) • particular affirmative statements (some A are B) • particular negative statements (some A are not B) |
Categorical syllogisms can be represented as … | … circle diagrams. |
A theory about how people solve categorical syllogisms is the atmosphere bias. 2 basic ideas of this theory: | • if there is at least one negative premise, people prefer a negative solution. • if there is at least one particular among the premises, people will prefer a particular solution. |
What can we use to solve syllogisms? | mental models |
A bias in deductive reasoning: | confirmation bias (2 4 6 -> we seek confirmation rather than disconfirmation) |
Errors and problems occurring in deductive reasoning: | • overextension errors • foreclosure effects • premise-phrasing effects |
We should do deductive reasoning when we are … | … sad, because we seem to pay more attention to details. |
Three items in categorical syllogisms: | • the subject (cogscis) • the middle term (sexy people) • predicate (having a lot of sex) |
Inductive reasoning is reasoning from | specific facts to conclusions that may explein the facts. (2 4 6 -> we’ve got facts, but what’s the rule?) |
Problems in causal inferences: | • correlation is not causation • illusory correlations lead us to confirmation bias (self-fulfilling prophecies) • discounting error (I found 1 cause and stop searching for another) |
How do people draw inferences? | Using both bottom-up and top-down strategies. |
Analogies only go so far. | DOUGH |
The dual-process theory of reasoning includes: | • an associative system • a rule-based system |
Examples of associative reasoning as part of the dual-process theory: | • representative heuristic • belief-bias effect • false-consensus effect |
The rule-based system of the dual-process theory requires … | … more deliberate, painstaking procedures. |
Connectionist model of dual-system deductive reasoning: | • associations in the network • rules in a system of production rules (ACT?) |
Reasoning and brain: | • Basal Ganglia (also working memory DUGH) • frontal lobe more active in reasoning than in memory activity. |