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DNA Replication and Genetics

Anatomy and Physiology46 CardsCreated 4 months ago

This deck covers key concepts in DNA replication, including the structure and function of DNA, the enzymes involved in replication, and genetic mutations. It also touches on related topics such as RNA, protein synthesis, and cellular processes.

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What is the structure of DNA?

Double Helix
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
What is the building block of DNA?
Nucleotides
What is the compliment nitrogenous base to adenine?
Uracil & Thymine
When in the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur?
Synthesis phase in Interphase
How many replication forks are in the replication bubble?
2
What is responsible for adding support or stabilizing the newly opened DNA?
Single strand binding protein
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DNA Replication and Genetics
TermDefinition
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
What is the building block of DNA?
Nucleotides
What is the compliment nitrogenous base to adenine?
Uracil & Thymine
When in the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur?
Synthesis phase in Interphase
How many replication forks are in the replication bubble?
2
What is responsible for adding support or stabilizing the newly opened DNA?
Single strand binding protein
What is the compliment nitrogenous base to Guanine?
Cytosine
What molecule is responsible for 'un-zipping' DNA?
Helicase
What type of macromolecule is Helicase?
Protein
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the separate strands of DNA?
DNA Polymerase
What is the compliment nitrogenous base to Cytosine?
Guanine
What enzyme puts down the RNA primer so DNA Polymerase can 'print' on the 5' side of DNA?
Primase
What are the sections of DNA(in-between the RNA primers) that are synthesized on the 5' side called?
Okazaki Fragments
What enzyme is responsible for putting the Okazaki fragments together?
Ligase
What is the compliment nitrogenous base to Thymine?
Adenine
The result of DNA Replication is half parent, half newly synthesized. For this reason, DNA Replication is considered____?
Semi-Conservative
The components of DNA are similar for all living organisms?
True
Prokaryotes have multiple sites of origin.
False
When a single base is changed this is called a ____?
Point Mutation
How many nucleotides are in a codon?
3
Several different codons code for the same amino acid.
True
An Insertion Mutation causes a frame-shift.
True
What type of RNA is responsible for bringing the temple to a ribosome for protein synthesis?
tRNA
This is the process of building Protein.
Translation
This is the process of mRNA copying DNA to make a template.
Transcription
What is the function of DNA?
Storage of genetic information
What are the building blocks of DNA?
DNA is Nucleic Acid(RNA), so building blocks are Nucleotides
When does DNA Replicate?
S- phase of Interphase Occurs before the cell divides so each of the two cell made will have a complete copy of the genetic info
Where does DNA replicate?
Eukaryotic: Nucleus Prokaryotes: cytoplasm Wherever DNA is located in an organism
What is Polymerase?
it compliments the DNA during replication. it adds nucleotides to the copying strand of DNA It helps synthesize the mRNA during transcription
What is Helicase?
it is the enzyme responsible for opening or unzipping the double strand of DNA
What is Primase?
It puts down the RNA Primers that allow DNA Polymerase to compliment the lagging strand(5' side)
What is Ligase?
It re-combines the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA.
What are the correct DNA compliments ?
DNA A-T GC RNA A-U G-U
What is the result of DNA Replication?
Two daugther DNA strand 1 parent double strand of DNA turns into 2 daughter double strands of DNA. They should be identical
What is a codon?
It is part of an RNA temple it is made of 3 nitrogenous bases it is responsible for making proteins
if there are 15 nucleotides in a gene. how many amino acids will be produced?
5
What is unique about RNA?
it is a single strand and doesn't have thymine(replaced by uracil)
How many RNA molecules are there?
mRNA(messenger RNA, transcription) tRNA(transfer RNA, bringing amino acid to ribosomes) rRNA(ribosomal RNA, made up of what a ribosome is)
How are proteins made?
DNA is copied by mRNA. that template is transferred to a ribosome so a protein can be built. Prokaryotes: Co-translation: transcription is being performed at the same time as translation(protein synthesized) Eukaryotes: Transcription --> translocation (the movement at the newly synthesized mRNA to a ribosome)- >> translation
The genetic code is universal, although no organism has identical DNA, each organism uses the same components: ATGC
Just A Statement
What is the point of origin?
It is the site of DNA Replication At this site there is a Replication Bubble that is formed The Replication Bubble has TWO(2) Replication forks Prokaryotes. only have 1 point of origin Eukaryotes can have many points of origin.
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
Cell protection, selective permeability( letting things in and out of cell)
What is the purpose of enzymes?
Speed up reactions and lower activation energy
How many chromatids in a chromosome?
2
What is the relationship b/t photo & respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy by converting sunlight into glucose, while cellular respiration releases that energy by breaking down glucose into ATP. They are opposite but complementary processes.