EPPP - Clinical Psychology Part 2

Refers to an orientation of understanding & describing cultures:

Emic = Culture Specific approach when they recognize that the same behavior may have different meanings in different cultures & some strategies might not be approp. for some cultures.

EmIC = (Culture Specific) Cultural psychology, view from Inside Culture

Refers to an orientation of understanding & describing cultures:

Etic: Universalistic approach when they believe that the same behavioral principles apply equally to all cultures.

ETic = Traditional psychology, view from outside (view ppl from diff. cultures as the same)

(Wrenn) Culturally encapsulated counselors interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions & stereotypes & disregard cultural differences & their own cultural biases. (Sterotyped, rigid beliefs & inflexible beliefs & may see cultural behaviors as pathological)

See everything thru the filter of thier own cultural perspective & are unable/unwilling to recognize cultural differences.

(Berry) Refers to behavioral & psychological changes that occur as the result of contact btwn a person & ppl from a different cultural grp.

Acculturation can be described in terms of 4 categories that reflect the person's adoption of his/her own culture & the culture of the dominant grp:

Integration: Ppl are integrated when they ID w/both the majority & own minority culture.

Assimilation: Ppl are assimilated when they ID w/the majority but reject their own minority culture.

Separation: Ppl are separate when they reject the majority & ID w/their own minority culture.

Marginalization: Ppl are marginalized when they reject both the majority & their own minority culture.

Important to determine the CT's level of acculturation to determine the CT's Sx's & response to therapist & interventions

(Sue, 1978) Refers to how ppl percieve their relationship w/other ppl, institiutions, etc. & this view is affected by his/her cultural background & can affect the theraputic process.

Determined by 2 factors:

Locus of Control: Refers to the beliefs about the causes of persnal outcomes & can be:

Internal - Believes outcomes depend on own actions

External - Outcomes determined by external focuses

Locus of Responsibility: Refers to who a person believes is to credit or blame for outcomes & can be:

Internal - Assign credit/blam to internal factors such as motivation, ability & effort.

External - Assign Credit/blame to external factors

Ex: White middle-class therapists typically have an internal locus of control & responsibility (IC-IR) & are likely to have probs. working w/an black CT that has an internal locus of control & external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) who may challenge the therapists authority & trustworthiness & be reluctant to self disclose.

→Members of minority grps are likely to exhibit internal locus of control (IC) & external locus of responsibility (ER) as they become more aware of own racial/cultural ID, & impact of oppresion on their lives.

(Hall) Members of many culturally diverse grps in America exhibit high-context communication which relies on shared cultural understanding & nonverbal cues.

Culturally diverse = unifying

Greater use of non-verbal cues

Grounded in situation

Depends on grp understanding

Slow to change

Relies heavily on body language

Differences in communication styles can lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural therapy.

(Hall) Caucasians are more likely to exhibit low-context communication which relies primarily on the verbal messages, is less unifying (than high context comm), & can change rapidly & easily.

White = less unifying

Rely on verbal communication

Can change rapidly & easily

Differences in communication styles can lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural therapy.

(Ridley) This explains why African American ST's may be reluctant to self-disclose to a white therapist.

2 Types:

Cultural Paranoia (Healthy reaction to racism): When s/he does not disclose to a white therapist due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood. (Combo of low functional & high cultural paranois)

Functional Paranoia (due to pathology): When s/he is unwilling to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity, as a result of mistrust & suspicion.

This person w/healthy cultural paranoia may be willing to self-disclose to a white therapist when the meaning of the paranoia is discussed & the CT is encouraged to distinguish btwn when it is & is not desirable to self-disclose.

(Atkinson, Morten & Sue) Distinguishes btwn 5 stages that ppl exp. as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own minority culture, the dominant culture, & the oppressive relationship btwn the two.

5 Stages reflect a diff. combo of attitudes toward dominant & minority grp:

Conformity (Positive attitudes for the dominant grp) Have favorable attitudes toward the dominant grp & negative attitudes toward their own minority grp. →Prefer therapist from dominant grp.

Dissonance (Confusion & conflict over contradictory attitudes) toward own minority grp & dominant grp. →Prefer therapist from minority grp

Resistence & Immersion (Active rejection of the dominant grp) & positive attitudes toward own minority grp. →Prefer therapist from minority grp

Introspection (Uncertainty about the rigidity of stage 3 beliefs) Concerned about their inflexible attitudes toward dominant grp & own minority grp. →Prefer therapist from minority grp

Integrative Awareness (Adoption of a multicultural perspective) & Recognize both grps have positive qualities that involves actively examine the values & beliefs of diff.grps before accept/reject them. →Prefer a therapist w/same worldview, attitudes & beliefs

(Helms) Racism is a central part of being white in america & proposes 2 phases & 6 statuses (stages) [Characterized by a diff. info. processing strategy (IPS), the method the indiv. uses to reduce discomfort related to racial issues]

Phase 1: Abandoning Racism (1-3 stages)*

Contact: Lack of racial awareness & exhibit racist attitudes & beliefs, min. contact w/diverse grps →IPS Obliviousness & Denial

Disintegration: Greater awareness of racial differences, which lead to moral conflicts & anxiety, increased contact w/minority grps. →IPS Suppression of info. & Ambivalence

Reintegration: Attempt to resolve conflict by adopting racist views of minority grps & white superiority; deny racism exists. →IPS Selective Perception & Negative Outgrp Distortion

Phase 2: Devel. non-racist White ID (4-6 stages)*

Pseudo-Independence: Questioning of racist views & acknowledges white roles in racism. →IPS Selective Perceptions & Re-shape Reality

Immersion & Emersion: Confrontation of own biases & understand how benefit from white privilege; focus on changing self. →IPS Hypervigilance & Re-Shaping

Autonomy: Adopt a non-racist white ID, value diversity & appreciation/respect for racial/cultural diff. & similarities. →IPS Flexibility & Complexity

(Cross) Based on the assumption that ID devel. is directly related to racial oppression. Emphasizes the role of race salience * distinguises btwn 4 stages:

Pre-Encounter: Race & racial ID have low salience: • Assimilation: Adopt mainstream ID • Anti-Black: Accept negative beliefs about black & low self-esteem. →Prefer a white therapist

Encounter: Indiv. has greater cultural awareness (racism) & interested in devel. a black ID →Prefer therapist of same race

Immersion-Emersion: Race & racial ID have high salience & indiv moves from: • Immersion: Intense black involvement • Emersion: Strong anti-white attitudes →Prefer therapist from same race

Internalization: Race continues to have high salience & person adopts 1 of 3 ID's: • Afrocentric: Pro-black ID; non-racist • Biculturist: Integrate black ID w/white or other salient cultural ID. • Multiculturist: Integrate black ID w/2 or more salient cultural ID's

(Troiden's, 1988) Model of homosexual (gay/lesbian) ID devel. distinguishes btwn 4 stages:

Sensitization (Feeling Different; Middle Childhood) - Indiv. feels diff. from same-sex peers & begins to have homosexual feelings w/out understanding the implications of those feelings for self-identity. • Ex: Realize interests differ from same gender classmates

Self-Recognition (Identity Confusion; Onset of Puberty) - Indiv. realizes they are attracted to ppl of same sex & attribute feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil & confusion.

Identity Assumption: Indiv. becomes more certain of their homosexuality & deal w/realization by: • Try to pass as hetero or align w/homosexual community or act in ways consistent w/societies stereotypes of homosexuality.

Commitment (Identity Integration): Indiv. adopts a homosexual way of life & publicly disclose homosexuality.

(Herek, 2004) Argues that the term homophobia is ambiguous & imprecise & proposes that it be replaced w/sexual stigma, heterosexism & sexual Prejudice.

Sexual Stigma refers to "the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship or community."

(Herek, 2004) In his discussion of violence against gays & lesbians he attributes it to be due to a combo of psychological (Indiv.) & cultural Heterosexism.

"An ideological system that denies, denigrates & stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships or community."

Includes beliefs about gender, morality & sexuality that defines sexual minorities as deviant/threatening & is inherent in languages, laws & other cultural institutions.

(Herek, 2004) Refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation, wheter the target is homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual.

Found higher levles of sexual prejudice among heterosexual men (vs. heterosexual women) & among indiv. who are older, have lower levels od education, live in southern/Midwestern states or rural areas, or have limited personal contact w/homosexuals.

An acquires response that has been maintained by its ability to reduce stress & addresses the impact of learning & consequences on behavior.

Social learning theory emphasizes the impact of parents & others on behavior as well as the internal, vicarious, &/or external consequences of a behavior.

(Neo-Freudian) Holistic Model:

Basic anxiety (if mother's bond is unsuccessful, can develop basic anxiety)

A feeling of helpless & isolation in hostile world

Caused by parental behaviors & focus on early relationships

Parental Behaviors - cause children to experience basic anxiety (helplessness & isolation in hostile world)

Defend against anxiety, child adopts mode of relating to others

Move towards others/against others/away from others

Healthy indiv. integrates all 3 types of behaviors, neurotic rely upon one

Role of cognitive experience in personality development.

Prototaxic, parataxic, and syntaxic modes.

Neurotic behavior often caused by parataxic distortions.

Role of societal factors in personality development.

Five character styles: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive.

Developer of Self-Psychology

Work on Narcissism

Viewed childrens play during play therapy as a form of acting out

Divide the difference btwn the means of the experimental & control grps by the standard deviation of the control grp.

The most commonly used effect size is a type of standard score, which means that it reports the effect od an intervention in terms od SD units.

Social change

Advocacy Consultation, unlike other consultation modes, focuses on social systems rather than individual or small groups.

(Conoley) A distinctive characteristic is that it is based on an "explicit value orientation that targets social change in the direction of power equalization."

Predicts the same inital circumstances/conditions may lead to different outcomes.

Multiple outcomes

Predicts that different circumstances/conditions may lead to the same outcomes.

Equal outcomes