Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /GRE® Psychology Biological: Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience Part 10
GRE® Psychology Biological: Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience Part 10
This deck covers key concepts in physiological and behavioral neuroscience, focusing on topics such as pheromones, reproductive isolating mechanisms, navigation in animals, and insight learning.
What are pheromones?
Believed to be a form of primitive communication between animals, pheromones are sensed by another's vomeronasal organ and chemically convey certain emotions, like fear.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What are pheromones?
Believed to be a form of primitive communication between animals, pheromones are sensed by another's vomeronasal organ and chemically convey certain e...
There are four types of reproductive isolating mechanisms, which prevent interbreeding between different (but potentially compatible) species. What are they?
1. mechanical isolation 2. behavioral isolation 3. geographic isolation 4. isolation by season
What is mechanical isolation?
Two species have reproductively incompatible genitals.
What type of isolation prevents one species from responding to the courting rituals of another species, preventing interbreeding?
behavioral isolation
How does geographic isolation prevent interbreeding?
Different species breed in different physical locations so they are unlikely to interbreed.
Different but similar species breeding at different times in the year to prevent interbreeding is called what?
isolation by season
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are pheromones? | Believed to be a form of primitive communication between animals, pheromones are sensed by another's vomeronasal organ and chemically convey certain emotions, like fear. |
There are four types of reproductive isolating mechanisms, which prevent interbreeding between different (but potentially compatible) species. What are they? | 1. mechanical isolation 2. behavioral isolation 3. geographic isolation 4. isolation by season |
What is mechanical isolation? | Two species have reproductively incompatible genitals. |
What type of isolation prevents one species from responding to the courting rituals of another species, preventing interbreeding? | behavioral isolation |
How does geographic isolation prevent interbreeding? | Different species breed in different physical locations so they are unlikely to interbreed. |
Different but similar species breeding at different times in the year to prevent interbreeding is called what? | isolation by season |
Fill in the blanks: While some behaviors are innate, psychologists and ethologists agree that there is a __________ __________ where an organism is receptive or vulnerable to learning. | critical period | sensitive period Ex: baby chicks imprinting on the first moving object they see upon birth, unable to reverse it later in life. |
What is sexual dimorphism and what are a few examples? | • Sexual dimorphism is the phenotypic differences between males and females of a species. • Examples: human females have larger breasts • human males are typically larger and taller than women • male peacocks have colorful plumage and females do not • in many species of fish, the female is larger than the male |
Though related, how do the theories of natural selection and sexual selection differ? | • Natural selection is concerned with the fight to live, to prevent death. • Sexual selection is concerned with the fight to reproduce and continue the bloodline. |
Choosing a stud horse to breed with a female horse to produce a strong racing horse is called what? | selective breeding |
What did Karl von Frisch decode about the dance movements of bees? | • a dance with a circular motion means food is nearby • a dance with a wiggling motion means food is far away • the length of the dance is directly related to how far away the food is • the intensity of the movements is related to the quality of the food |
How do scouting bees navigate? | They use simple landmarks, magnetic fields, polarized light, and the position of the sun to navigate. |
How does a queen bee prevent other female bees in the hive from reproducing? | • She secretes a chemical to suppress their ovaries so only she lays eggs. • When a new queen bee emerges, the old queen bee leaves the hive. |
In beehives, who mates with the queen? | Male bees called drones mate with the queen. Year-to-year, bees mate in the same location. |
How do bees know which flowers to gather nectar from? | Bees can see honeyguides on flowers that humans can not, since they can see ultraviolet light invisible to humans. |
What are different 'compasses' some animals (notably birds and bees) use to navigate? | • atmospheric pressure • infrasound • magnetic sense • sun compass • star compass • polarized light • echolocation |
How is atmospheric pressure an aid to navigation? | It alerts animals (like pigeons) to changes in altitude. |
What is infrasound? | Infrasound is extremely low-frequency sound, to the point that humans are unable to hear it. However, pigeons can hear infrasounds from the earth that travel greater distances than many other sounds, aiding navigation. |
Fill in the blank: Pigeons and bees are believed to sense the ______ forces of the earth, which aids navigation. | magnetic |
How can celestial bodies like the sun and stars aid navigation? | These objects serve as landmarks for some birds and bees. |
How can the sun help bees navigate on even a cloudy day? | Bees have the ability to see polarized light, which helps detect the position of the sun and help plot a path to their destination. |
Describe the process of echolocation. | Some animals can emit high-frequency sounds that bounce off surrounding objects and create a sophisticated map of the area's obstructions and food. Bats and dolphins are most commonly associated with echolocation. |
Do owls use echolocation? | no They use regular hearing, but their ears are asymmetrical, which allows sound entering the ears at different times to help pinpoint the location of objects. |
What was Wolfgang Köhler famous for? | His studies on chimpanzees and insight learning. |
What is insight learning? | The a-ha! moment that allows a new understanding of a situation to solve a problem. Köhler tested insight learning with chimps to see if they would find creative solutions after seeing the whole problem, instead of just using trial and error. |