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GRE® Psychology Clinical: Personality Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in personality psychology, including trait theories, defense mechanisms, and influential psychologists and their theories.
Fill in the blank: According to trait theorists, traits are largely _______ rather than acquired through experience.
inherited
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Fill in the blank: According to trait theorists, traits are largely _______ rather than acquired through experience.
inherited
What are the big five personality traits?
1. openness/non-openness 2. conscientiousness/undirectedness 3. extroversion/introversion 4. agreeableness/antagonism 5. neuroticism/stability Use the...
What are two methods of trait research analysis?
1. nomothetic analysis 2. idiographic analysis
What is the main difference between nomothetic and idiographic traits?
Nomothetic traits are thought to be universal (i.e. the big five). Idiographic traits are unique to the individual.
According to Gordon Allport, what are the three types of traits?
1. cardinal 2. central 3. secondary
Fill in the blank: According to Allport, a trait that overrides one's whole being is a __________ trait.
cardinal
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Fill in the blank: According to trait theorists, traits are largely _______ rather than acquired through experience. | inherited |
What are the big five personality traits? | 1. openness/non-openness 2. conscientiousness/undirectedness 3. extroversion/introversion 4. agreeableness/antagonism 5. neuroticism/stability Use the acronym OCEAN to remember the big five! |
What are two methods of trait research analysis? | 1. nomothetic analysis 2. idiographic analysis |
What is the main difference between nomothetic and idiographic traits? | Nomothetic traits are thought to be universal (i.e. the big five). Idiographic traits are unique to the individual. |
According to Gordon Allport, what are the three types of traits? | 1. cardinal 2. central 3. secondary |
Fill in the blank: According to Allport, a trait that overrides one's whole being is a __________ trait. | cardinal |
The theory developed by George Kelly, which suggests that we make sense of the world by generating, testing, and revising hypotheses about our social reality, is called what? | personal construct theory |
Who is the theorist known for recognizing that traits often vary depending on circumstances? | Walter Mischel |
Hans Eysenck used factor analysis to identify common behavioral traits along three dimensions. What are they? | 1. extroversion-introversion 2. neuroticism-stability 3. psychoticism |
Fill in the blanks: Raymond Cattel believed that __________ traits, the person's underlying characteristics, were the basis of personality and gave rise to __________ traits. | source; surface |
Typically, what does psychoanalytic assessment involve? | A one-on-one therapist and patient relationship in which the therapist uses techniques (such as free association and dream recall) to gain access to the unconscious. |
Fill in the blank: Used primarily by psychoanalysts, ________ _________ ______ present ambiguous stimuli (i.e. inkblots) with the assumption that test takers will project their unconscious thoughts onto the stimuli. | projective personality tests |
Andrew is a straight-A student who needs to be in charge of all his group projects and gets angry at his group members when they aren't chipping in. Ike is more go-with-the-flow and isn't easily angered. Which has the type A personality and which has the type B personality? | Andrew has the type A personality; Ike has the type B personality |
What are the defining characteristics of stage theories? | Stage theories believe people develop in stages, or steps, in the same order, without skipping a step, and one stage can be distinguished from all other stages. |
What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual stage theory? | 1. oral stage (birth to one year) 2. anal stage (one to three years) 3. phallic stage (three to five years) 4. latency stage (six years to puberty) 5. genital stage (puberty onward) |
What research effect observes that individuals will claim general descriptions of their personality (that can apply to a wide range of people) are highly accurate? | Barnum effect; The effect is named after P.T. Barnum. |
Fill in the blank: The _________ and the ___-_____ are two subsystems of the superego. | conscience; ego-ideal |
Define: suppression | It is the Freudian defense mechanism that involves deliberate forgetting of anxiety-provoking material. |
When I say, 'Maggie is afraid of spiders' when, in reality, I am afraid of spiders, I am employing which defense mechanism? | projection |
Which personality psychologist's system of extroversion and introversion inspired the Myers-Briggs personality test? | Carl Jung This system also included: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. |
How does one overcome basic anxiety in Karen Horney's psychological system? | 1. Withdrawal from people who provoke basic anxiety. 2. Deliberate movement towards people who remove basic anxiety. 3. Conflict with people who can be overcome. |
Define: fictional finalism | According to Alfred Adler, people are more motivated by their fictional expectations for the future than they are by past experiences. |
Define: creative self | The unique qualities within someone that help them express a personality in a singular way. |
Fill in the blank: Alfred Adler described a system called __________ ___ _____ in which someone's unique way of achieving superiority was reflected in the personal choices s/he made. | style of life |
Who identified the defense mechanisms? | Anna Freud |