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GRE® Psychology Clinical: Personality Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in psychology related to personality theories and treatments, including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist-existential approaches.
Define: Ego psychology
A form of psychoanalytic theory in which the most important element was the ego as it related to the conscious world.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Define: Ego psychology
A form of psychoanalytic theory in which the most important element was the ego as it related to the conscious world.
What is object-relations theory?
A psychodynamic system in which children create and develop internalized symbols or objects which are significant representations of their personaliti...
Name 4 object-relations psychologists
1. Otto Kernberg 2. Margaret Mahler 3. Melanie Klein 4. D.W. Winnicott
Fill in the blank: _______, a system initially outlined by Sigmund Freud, is a kind of long-term psychotherapy that involves uncovering unconscious/repressed conflicts that arose in psychosexual development.
Psychoanalysis
If I say 'knife' and encourage my patient to say any words s/he may associate with that word, no matter how unrelated they may seem, I am trying to use what psychoanalytic technique?
free association
Freud developed a system of dream interpretation based on what premise?
The dreaming mind is more relaxed, so that the unconscious desires and repressions can be revealed through dream analysis.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define: Ego psychology | A form of psychoanalytic theory in which the most important element was the ego as it related to the conscious world. |
What is object-relations theory? | A psychodynamic system in which children create and develop internalized symbols or objects which are significant representations of their personalities. |
Name 4 object-relations psychologists | 1. Otto Kernberg 2. Margaret Mahler 3. Melanie Klein 4. D.W. Winnicott |
Fill in the blank: _______, a system initially outlined by Sigmund Freud, is a kind of long-term psychotherapy that involves uncovering unconscious/repressed conflicts that arose in psychosexual development. | Psychoanalysis |
If I say 'knife' and encourage my patient to say any words s/he may associate with that word, no matter how unrelated they may seem, I am trying to use what psychoanalytic technique? | free association |
Freud developed a system of dream interpretation based on what premise? | The dreaming mind is more relaxed, so that the unconscious desires and repressions can be revealed through dream analysis. |
What are some indications that a patient is exhibiting resistance to psychoanalysis? | • missing sessions • unwillingness to free associate • withholding dream information • refusal to participate in therapeutic activities • changing topics |
Define: transference | The feelings and behaviors that the patient develops for the therapist that are reflections of past and current relationships. |
Fill in the blank: The emotions that the therapist develops toward a patient are called ________. | countertransference |
Fill in the blank: _____-___________ personality treatments are based on present life situations and interpersonal relationships. | Neo-Freudian |
Define: behaviorist theory of personality | This theory places an emphasis on behavior as the source of personality: people develop based on their interactions with their environments. |
Fill in the blank: _______ and _______ were behaviorist psychologists who examined stimulus-responses and conflicting motivations as the basis for personality development. | John Dollard; Neal Miller |
Albert Bandura's system used what theory of personality development? | social learning theory This theory states that people's personalities develop as a reflection of the behavioral models they encounter during their lives. |
What did Kurt Lewin's field theory of personality psychology emphasized? | His theory presents personality as dynamic and constantly changing, rather than being defined by fixed or static traits. |
List: Maslow's hierarchy of needs | 1. physiological 2. safety 3. love/belonging 4. esteem 5. self-actualization |
If I encourage my patient to look for life's meanings through making personal choices, what kind of therapy am I using? | humanist-existential therapy |
What is client-centered therapy? | It is a therapeutic technique developed by Carl Rogers that emphasized the importance of the client directing the therapy, as the most important part of this system is being able to learn to make positive behavioral choices. |
What is Viktor Frankl's primary contribution to psychology? | Frankl created logotherapy (a form of existential therapy that is influential to humanist, psychoanalytic, and other schools of thought). Frankl, a psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, wrote Man's Search for Meaning, in which he explained his therapeutic approach and described his struggle for survival as a prisoner in a Nazi Concentration Camp. Frankl reflected on the importance of learning to find meaning in life, even when conditions were brutal. Man's Search for Meaning was a bestseller, and remains a powerful and important text. Here is an excerpt from one of Frankl's addresses during a Ted Talk. |
Fill in the blank: ______ ______ was a personality psychologist who used factor analysis to determine 16 basic traits that make the building blocks of personality. | Raymond Cattell |
Fill in the blank: If I used to shop because I needed clothes and now I shop because I simply enjoy shopping, this activity is said to have attained ________ __________. | functional autonomy |
Define: the need for achievement | This is a personality trait developed by David McClelland in which people who are high in this trait take extreme pride in personal achievement, so they tend to minimize risk and emphasize realistic goals. |
Fill in the blank: Herman Witkin tied _____-________ to personality by differentiating between people who make specified responses based on stimuli and those who have difficulty differentiating answers based on specific stimuli. | field-dependence |
What tendencies do people who are high in the personality trait 'Machiavellianism' exhibit? | Be excellent manipulators and tend to believe they know what's best for others. |
Fill in the blank: Sandra Bem's theory is based on a personality test in which _______ and ________ are measured and assessed. | masculinity; femininity |
Define: androgyny | Within Sandra Bem's system, it is the characteristic of having a personality that is both feminine and masculine. |