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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Language Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in language processing, including lexical ambiguity, semantic roles, speech perception, reading models, and bilingualism.
Define lexical ambiguity and name its two types.
Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has multiple meanings. The two types are: Polysemy; Homonymy; Polysemy refers to a single word with multiple related meanings (e.g., 'bank' as a financial institution or riverbank), while homonymy involves words that sound alike or are spelled alike but have different, unrelated meanings (e.g., 'bat' the animal and 'bat' used in sports).
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Define lexical ambiguity and name its two types.
Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has multiple meanings. The two types are: Polysemy; Homonymy; Polysemy refers to a single word with multiple rela...
True or False: In semantic roles, the agent is always the subject of a sentence.
False The agent is the entity performing an action, but it is not always the grammatical subject. For example, in passive constructions like 'The cake...
What are semantic roles, and why are they important?
Semantic roles, like agent and patient, describe the function of entities in an event or action, helping to clarify who is doing what to whom. Underst...
Fill in the blank: __________ networks are cognitive frameworks that help in organizing the relationships between concepts.
Semantic; Semantic networks are used to represent knowledge in the mind, showing how different concepts are connected. They are crucial for understand...
Explain the concept of thematic relations in semantics.
This describe how different parts of a sentence, like subject and object, relate to the action or state described by the verb. Examples include agent ...
What is categorical perception of speech sounds?
Categorical perception is the tendency to perceive speech sounds as belonging to distinct categories, despite variations in the sound. This phenomenon...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define lexical ambiguity and name its two types. | Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has multiple meanings. The two types are: Polysemy; Homonymy; Polysemy refers to a single word with multiple related meanings (e.g., 'bank' as a financial institution or riverbank), while homonymy involves words that sound alike or are spelled alike but have different, unrelated meanings (e.g., 'bat' the animal and 'bat' used in sports). |
True or False: In semantic roles, the agent is always the subject of a sentence. | False The agent is the entity performing an action, but it is not always the grammatical subject. For example, in passive constructions like 'The cake was eaten by the child,' 'the child' is the agent, but not the subject. |
What are semantic roles, and why are they important? | Semantic roles, like agent and patient, describe the function of entities in an event or action, helping to clarify who is doing what to whom. Understanding semantic roles aids in sentence comprehension and disambiguation, helping to interpret the meaning and relationships between elements within a sentence. |
Fill in the blank: __________ networks are cognitive frameworks that help in organizing the relationships between concepts. | Semantic; Semantic networks are used to represent knowledge in the mind, showing how different concepts are connected. They are crucial for understanding how information is stored and retrieved. |
Explain the concept of thematic relations in semantics. | This describe how different parts of a sentence, like subject and object, relate to the action or state described by the verb. Examples include agent (doer of the action), patient (receiver of the action), and instrument (means by which the action is performed). These relations help in understanding sentence structure and meaning. |
What is categorical perception of speech sounds? | Categorical perception is the tendency to perceive speech sounds as belonging to distinct categories, despite variations in the sound. This phenomenon allows people to distinguish between phonemes more clearly, which is crucial for understanding spoken language. |
True or False: Top-down processing is driven by sensory input. | False Top-down processing is guided by prior knowledge, expectations, and context, unlike bottom-up processing, which is driven directly by sensory input. |
Fill in the blanks: Speech segmentation involves detecting _______ _______ in a continuous stream of speech. | word boundaries This process is essential for understanding spoken language, as it helps listeners determine where one word ends and another begins, despite the lack of clear pauses in natural speech. |
What is phonemic restoration? | Phonemic restoration is the brain's ability to fill in missing phonemes based on context. This process demonstrates how the brain uses context and prior knowledge to maintain the perception of a complete auditory message, even when parts are missing. |
Describe the concept of coarticulation in speech perception. | Coarticulation occurs when the articulation of one speech sound overlaps with the next. This overlapping causes variations in how sounds are produced and perceived, yet listeners can still understand speech due to the brain's perceptual mechanisms. |
What does the motor theory of speech perception propose? | The motor theory suggests that speech perception involves the listener's motor system simulating the speaker's articulatory movements. This theory emphasizes the relationship between speech production and perception, proposing that understanding spoken language involves accessing one's own motor representations of speech sounds. |
What are the two pathways in dual-route models of reading? | Lexical route; Sublexical route; The dual-route model explains how we process written words. The lexical route involves recognizing whole words, while the sublexical route involves decoding words letter by letter. |
True or False: Grapheme-phoneme correspondence is crucial for sublexical reading. | True Grapheme-phoneme correspondence involves matching letters (graphemes) with their sounds (phonemes), which is essential for decoding unfamiliar words in the sublexical route. |
What role does orthographic analysis play in reading? | It helps in recognizing the written form of words. Orthographic analysis involves the visual recognition of word patterns and spelling, which aids in efficient and accurate reading, especially in the lexical route. |
Name a common comprehension strategy for reading. | Making inferences; Comprehension strategies like inferencing help readers connect the text with prior knowledge, allowing them to understand and predict information that isn't explicitly stated. |
Fill in the blank: ______ is a common reading disorder characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition | Dyslexia; Dyslexia often involves problems with phonological processing and decoding, affecting reading fluency and comprehension. |
How does morphological analysis support reading comprehension? | By understanding the structure and meaning of words. Morphological analysis involves recognizing roots and affixes, which helps readers deduce the meanings of complex words and enhances vocabulary and comprehension. |
Define: simultaneous bilingualism | Learning two languages from birth.; Simultaneous bilinguals often develop both languages with similar proficiency, as they are exposed to both languages in a natural setting, usually involving family members speaking different languages. |
Define: sequential bilingualism | Learning a second language after already establishing a first language. Sequential bilinguals typically start learning a second language after the age of three, often due to formal education or relocation to a new language environment. |
True or False: Code-switching is a sign of confusion in bilinguals. | False Code-switching is a natural and proficient behavior in bilinguals, reflecting their ability to switch between languages depending on context, audience, or social setting. |