Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Learning Part 3
GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Learning Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in learning theories, including reinforcement schedules, cognitive theories, observational learning, and biological influences on learning.
What is a partial reinforcement schedule?
Reinforcing behavior only some of the time. A.k.a. intermittent schedule
Tap or swipe ↕ to flip
Swipe ←→Navigate
1/25
Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is a partial reinforcement schedule?
Reinforcing behavior only some of the time. A.k.a. intermittent schedule
What is a ratio schedule and what are the four types?
It is a schedule based on the number of desired responses: 1. fixed ratio 2. fixed interval 3. variable ratio 4. variable interval
Define: fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement comes after a specific number of behavior responses. Example: Every three times you get a question right, you get a piece of candy.
Define: fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement comes at a specific time. Example: Having an review at a job at a specific time each year to determine compensation
Define: variable ratio schedule
Number of behavior responses needed for reinforcement changes. Example: You sit at a slot machine pulling the lever hundreds of time because you don't...
Define: variable interval schedule
Amount of time before reinforcement of behavior changes. Example: You study every night in preparation for a pop quiz because you don't know when it i...
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is a partial reinforcement schedule? | Reinforcing behavior only some of the time. A.k.a. intermittent schedule |
What is a ratio schedule and what are the four types? | It is a schedule based on the number of desired responses: 1. fixed ratio 2. fixed interval 3. variable ratio 4. variable interval |
Define: fixed ratio schedule | Reinforcement comes after a specific number of behavior responses. Example: Every three times you get a question right, you get a piece of candy. |
Define: fixed interval schedule | Reinforcement comes at a specific time. Example: Having an review at a job at a specific time each year to determine compensation |
Define: variable ratio schedule | Number of behavior responses needed for reinforcement changes. Example: You sit at a slot machine pulling the lever hundreds of time because you don't know how many pulls are needed before the jackpot. |
Define: variable interval schedule | Amount of time before reinforcement of behavior changes. Example: You study every night in preparation for a pop quiz because you don't know when it is coming. |
How is superstitious behavior formed? | When reinforcement occurs during an idiosyncratic behavior, the organism is likely to repeat that behavior, even though it doesn't cause the reinforcement. |
What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner study? | They studied only behaviors, disregarded thought processes because they were not observable. |
What do cognitive theorists believe humans and other animals are capable of, beyond classical and operant conditioning? | Forming expectations and being consciously motivated by rewards. |
What is the contingency model? | Robert Rescorla's theory that the key to classical conditioning is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS. |
What model did the contingency model counter? | Pavlov's contiguity model that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS. |
What is the blocking effect? | Leon Kamin's concept that the conditioning effect of neutral stimulus is blocked when already conditioned with UCS. |
Name an example of delayed gratification. | Saving money for college or a car, rather than spending it immediately. |
Who was Edward Tolman? | He confirmed the presence of latent learning; He found unrewarded rats form cognitive map of the maze so when presented with a reward, they are motivated to improve |
Define: latent learning | Learning in the absence of rewards. |
Define insight as it relates to learning. | A sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem. |
Who observed insight in chimpanzees? | Wolfgang Kohler |
Define: observational learning | Learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model A.k.a. social learning or vicarious learning |
What are the four steps of observational learning, according to Albert Bandura? | 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation |
What were the results of the bobo dolls experiment? | When offered rewards to imitate violent behavior, did not always lead to response. Demonstrated modeling: those who watched violent models imitated them. |
What provides the biological basis for observational learning? | Mirror neurons are activated when you perform an action and when you observe someone else perform a similar action. |
Define: conditioned taste aversion | Intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning. Adaptive responses of organisms to foods that could sicken or kill them. A.k.a. Garcia effect. |
Define preparedness as it relates to learning. | Through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to easily learn behaviors related to their survival as a species. |
Who experimented on conditioned taste aversions and biological preparedness in rats? | John Garcia and Robert Koelling |
What is instinctive drift? | CR that drifts back toward the natural, instinctive behavior of the organism. |