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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Learning Part 5
This deck covers key concepts in cognitive psychology related to learning, including memory, reinforcement, self-efficacy, and models of behavior. It includes important figures, theories, and processes that influence learning and behavior.
At what age is it easiest and hardest to learn new things?
People are able to learn new things most easily between the ages of 3 and 20. After age 50, people are least able to learn.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
At what age is it easiest and hardest to learn new things?
People are able to learn new things most easily between the ages of 3 and 20. After age 50, people are least able to learn.
What is Hermann Ebbinghaus famous for?
He pioneered the study of memory and developing the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He posited that people learn at different rates. Sometime...
Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
Wilhelm Wundt, in 1874
Who wrote the first educational psychology textbook?
Thorndike, in 1903
The measure of one's capacity to perform a task or learn something new is called what?
aptitude
What is scaffolding (or scaffolding learning)?
It is the process of providing a learner with less and less support as it is needed, until no assistance is needed.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
At what age is it easiest and hardest to learn new things? | People are able to learn new things most easily between the ages of 3 and 20. After age 50, people are least able to learn. |
What is Hermann Ebbinghaus famous for? | He pioneered the study of memory and developing the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He posited that people learn at different rates. Sometimes people learn very quickly early on in a subject or task, and then plateau and learn at a slower rate than before. |
Who wrote the first psychology textbook? | Wilhelm Wundt, in 1874 |
Who wrote the first educational psychology textbook? | Thorndike, in 1903 |
The measure of one's capacity to perform a task or learn something new is called what? | aptitude |
What is scaffolding (or scaffolding learning)? | It is the process of providing a learner with less and less support as it is needed, until no assistance is needed. |
What is the primary goal of systematic desensitization in therapy? | To reduce anxiety responses to specific stimuli through gradual exposure. Systematic desensitization is based on classical conditioning principles and involves gradually exposing a client to anxiety-inducing stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques. This method helps to replace the anxiety response with a relaxation response. |
True or False: Counterconditioning involves replacing an undesirable response with a desirable one. | True Counterconditioning seeks to change the client's reaction to a stimulus by introducing a new response that is incompatible with the undesirable response. This technique is often used in behavior therapy to alter emotions or behaviors associated with specific stimuli. |
What is a discriminative stimulus (Sᴰ) in operant conditioning? | A cue that signals the availability of reinforcement or punishment following a particular behavior. A discriminative stimulus indicates that a specific response will be reinforced, serving as a guide for behavior. It's crucial in signaling when a behavior should occur to gain reinforcement, thus influencing the learning process. |
Explain the partial-reinforcement extinction effect. | Behaviors that are reinforced intermittently are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced continuously. The partial-reinforcement extinction effect is important in understanding how different reinforcement schedules affect behavior durability. Intermittent reinforcement makes it harder for the individual to discern when reinforcement has stopped, leading to greater persistence in the behavior. |
What is self-efficacy? | It refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Self-efficacy affects how people think, behave, and feel. High self-efficacy can enhance motivation and resilience, while low self-efficacy might lead to avoidance and self-doubt. |
Differentiate between vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment. | Vicarious Reinforcement: Observing someone else receive a reward for a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the observer performing that behavior. Vicarious Punishment: Observing someone else receive a punishment for a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of the observer performing that behavior. These concepts are part of Bandura's social learning theory, illustrating how people can learn by observing the actions and consequences of others' behaviors. |
True or False: Reciprocal determinism implies that behavior is solely influenced by the environment. | False Reciprocal determinism, proposed by Albert Bandura, suggests that behavior is influenced by the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment. This means that each component can influence and be influenced by the others. |
What does the 'S-R' model stand for in psychology? | Stimulus-Response The S-R model, also known as behaviorism, posits that behavior is a direct response to external stimuli, with no consideration for internal mental states. |
True or False: The S-O-R model includes the organism's internal states. | True The S-O-R model stands for Stimulus-Organism-Response, emphasizing the role of internal processes and cognitive factors in influencing behavior between stimulus and response. |
List two key components that differentiate the S-O-R model from the S-R model. | Inclusion of internal cognitive processes Consideration of the organism's interpretation of stimuli The S-O-R model accounts for the mental processes within the organism that mediate the stimulus-response relationship, allowing for a more complex understanding of behavior. |
How does exposure to media violence potentially lead to increased aggression according to psychological theories? | Desensitization to violence; Modeling of aggressive behaviors; Increased arousal levels; Theories suggest that repeated exposure to violent media can decrease sensitivity to violence, provide aggressive behavior models to imitate, and heighten physiological arousal, increasing the likelihood of aggressive responses. |