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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Memory Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in memory, including types of memory, amnesia, memory phenomena, and contributions from notable researchers.
How does savings test long-term memory?
If you learn something, like a language, and then don't use it, some of it will be forgotten. If you study the same language again, it will take less time to learn than it did originally. Savings assesses how much was left in your long-term memory between the first and second time the language was learned.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
How does savings test long-term memory?
If you learn something, like a language, and then don't use it, some of it will be forgotten. If you study the same language again, it will take less ...
What principle says that you should take a test in the same seat you were in when you learned the material for the test in order to remember it better?
Encoding-specificity principle
What are the three types of long-term memory?
1. episodic memory 2. semantic memory 3. procedural memory
What kind of memory is used when riding a bike?
Procedural memory is the part of long-term memory that remembers how to perform an action.
What makes episodic memory different from semantic memory?
Episodic memory involves the self, like remembering your first kiss or other episodes from your life. Semantic memory does not involve the self, but r...
What kind of memory is used when remembering a fact?
declarative memory
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
How does savings test long-term memory? | If you learn something, like a language, and then don't use it, some of it will be forgotten. If you study the same language again, it will take less time to learn than it did originally. Savings assesses how much was left in your long-term memory between the first and second time the language was learned. |
What principle says that you should take a test in the same seat you were in when you learned the material for the test in order to remember it better? | Encoding-specificity principle |
What are the three types of long-term memory? | 1. episodic memory 2. semantic memory 3. procedural memory |
What kind of memory is used when riding a bike? | Procedural memory is the part of long-term memory that remembers how to perform an action. |
What makes episodic memory different from semantic memory? | Episodic memory involves the self, like remembering your first kiss or other episodes from your life. Semantic memory does not involve the self, but rather facts, like directions from your home to school. |
What kind of memory is used when remembering a fact? | declarative memory |
What kind of memory accounts for the fact that you know how to tie your shoes, even though you can't remember when you learned it? | Implicit memories are unconscious, and sometimes you don't even know you have those memories. |
What is an explicit memory? | A memory one can intentionally, consciously recall. |
What two types of memory make up explicit memory? | 1. Episodic memory 2. Semantic memory |
If an individual can remember events from before the onset of amnesia (but not after), what kind of amnesia does he have? | Anterograde amnesia, which prevents patients from making new autobiographical memories, but allows them to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia. Sometimes anterograde amnesia may be the result of a brain injury; sometimes it is a precursor of dementia. |
If an individual can form new memories but is unable to recall any autobiographical memories from before the onset of amnesia, what kind of amnesia does he have? | Retrograde amnesia, which prevents recall of autobiographical memories before onset of amnesia. |
What is another term for photographic memory? | eidetic memory |
What well-known major contribution did Hermann Ebbinghaus make to the understanding of memory? | Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) first established primacy, recency, and the serial position and forgetting curves? |
Explain Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve. | When we learn new information, much of it is lost almost immediately after learning it. After this initial drop, however, forgetting nearly plateaus and the loss of memory is far less drastic. |
"Oh, what's that actress' name? The blonde one, she's in all those romantic comedies, she was married to that other actor, and she was on a soap opera as a kid. Why can't I remember her name?" What is happening in this sentence? | The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is preventing us from recalling information we already know. The semantic network theory believes we are trying to connect cues we hold about the identity of the actress until we can link the cues to her name, even though we are unable to recall the name immediately. The tip of the tongue phenomenon is an example of the phenomenon/memory error of blocking. |
What is a flashbulb memory? | It is a form of memory in which it seems almost as if one's brain captured a picture or brief video of an event and storing it in one's memory. People report vividly recalling where they were and what they were thinking during an important, culturally significant event, such as September 11, 2001, or when President Kennedy was killed, or during a personally-relevant event such as being asked for a divorce or the first day of college. Interestingly, research suggests that although flashbulb memories are vivid, they may not be as accurate as people think they are!! |
When you are sad, why could your memory make you even sadder? | Mood-congruent memory is the process of recalling memories that match our moods. So if you are sad, you will remember other sad memories, but if you are happy, you will recall other happy memories. |
What did Brenda Milner contribute to memory research? | Milner studied amnesic patient "HM," who had hippocampal lesions due to epilepsy. HM showed that amnesics could form new implicit memories without forming accompanying explicit memories. |
Who studied memory implantation and found that the memories we make can be altered without our awareness? | Elizabeth Loftus; She demonstrated that memory is not static, and can be affected by perception and language, which is why eyewitness testimony is fallible. Loftus is famous for her work regarding rich false memories (memories for events that did not occur to the person remembering the event). Loftus developed laboratory techniques to investigate the formation of rich false memories, such as the lost in a shopping mall technique, which was used to implant false memories in college students. |
What did Frederick Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" story teach us about memory? | When reconstructing memories, we do not recall exactitudes, but rather gists. We make errors of omission and commission, and new information is assimilated into our schemata. Memory then grows out of these schemata. |