Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Memory Part 3
GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Memory Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in memory theories and models, including dual-coding, levels-of-processing, and theories of forgetting, as well as learning techniques and memory aids.
What is Allan Paivio's dual-coding theory?
This theory states that encoding stimuli visually (imagery) and semantically (verbally) in our brains allows for better memory of the stimulus itself. During recall, we can access one or both of the ways the stimulus was encoded, making it easier to remember.
Tap or swipe ↕ to flip
Swipe ←→Navigate
1/20
Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is Allan Paivio's dual-coding theory?
This theory states that encoding stimuli visually (imagery) and semantically (verbally) in our brains allows for better memory of the stimulus itself....
What theory did Craik and Lockhart propose with respect to memory?
Levels-of-processing theory
What does the levels-of-processing theory suggest?
When we learn new things, they are encoded in our brains either shallowly or deeply. Rote memorization is an example of shallow processing, while sema...
What did Karl Lashley discover about memory?
Memories are not stored in one specific area (though some areas are closely linked with memory), but are distributed to various areas of the cortex.
What rhyme is closely associated with Donald Hebb's theory of learning and memory?
"Cells that fire together wire together." Hebb's theory was that the neurons in our brains adapt to the things that are important to us, and we make s...
How did E. R. Kandel help support Hebbian theory?
He provided experimental support for the theory with his research on the synaptic changes in brains of the Aplysia (sea slug).
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is Allan Paivio's dual-coding theory? | This theory states that encoding stimuli visually (imagery) and semantically (verbally) in our brains allows for better memory of the stimulus itself. During recall, we can access one or both of the ways the stimulus was encoded, making it easier to remember. |
What theory did Craik and Lockhart propose with respect to memory? | Levels-of-processing theory |
What does the levels-of-processing theory suggest? | When we learn new things, they are encoded in our brains either shallowly or deeply. Rote memorization is an example of shallow processing, while semantic understanding is an example of deep processing. This theory suggests that we will remember things better the deeper they are processed. |
What did Karl Lashley discover about memory? | Memories are not stored in one specific area (though some areas are closely linked with memory), but are distributed to various areas of the cortex. |
What rhyme is closely associated with Donald Hebb's theory of learning and memory? | "Cells that fire together wire together." Hebb's theory was that the neurons in our brains adapt to the things that are important to us, and we make synaptic connections when we learn and make new memories. |
How did E. R. Kandel help support Hebbian theory? | He provided experimental support for the theory with his research on the synaptic changes in brains of the Aplysia (sea slug). |
What does the serial position curve illustrate? | The serial position curve, which looks like a "U" shows which items are remembered when presented with a long list of items. The earlier items are remembered due to primacy, the later items are remembered due to recency, and the middle items are least commonly remembered. |
What is serial learning? | It is learning lists of items in a specific order, like the states in alphabetical order or the chronology of U.S. presidents. |
What is serial anticipation? | It is learning a serial list but then recalling the items from the list using the previous correct answer as a cue for the following answer. |
What kind of learning is used during exposure to new vocabulary words in a different language? | Paired association is used to create a match between something we know and something we don't know, like "cheese" in English and "fromage" in french. |
Define: free recall | Participants learn items on a list, then must recall them without cues or a particular order. |
What are some things that help people remember lists? | importance; brevity; acoustic and semantic dissimilarity; familiarity; concreteness |
What are two theories of forgetting? | 1. decay theory (or trace theory) 2. interference theory |
What is decay (or trace) theory? | It is the belief that forgetting is caused by memory decay, and that memories just naturally fade over time. |
Why does the interference theory state we lose our memories? | Much like it sounds, interference theory suggests that other things in the mind get in the way to block memories between learning and recall. |
What are memory tricks like "Roy G. Biv" called? | mnemonics; Mnemonics are ways to remember things by placing them in an order that is easy to remember, like making up a name to remember the colors of the rainbow. |
When participants are exposed to new information they are not told to remember, then are tested on that information, what is being measured? | incidental learning |
According to the generation-recognition model, why is a fill-in-the-blank test more difficult than a multiple choice test? | It is because your brain must take an extra step to recall information that it does not have presented. The brain does not have to take this step when simply recognizing that something has been seen or heard before. |
According to studies on semantic priming, why do we remember semantically similar words more effectively than semantically dissimilar words? | Words that are semantically similar are linked together and more likely encoded into long-term memory than words that are acoustically similar or semantically dissimilar because meaning is created. |
Explain Collins' and Loftus' spreading activation model. | The spreading activation model is a hierarchy of word associations. The more closely two words are linked, like "bird" and "feather," the quicker they can generate a response. The further apart the words are, the longer a response will take. |