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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Thinking Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in cognitive psychology, focusing on thinking processes such as semantic hierarchies, problem-solving, intelligence theories, and mental imagery.
What is the term for the search of cognitive semantic hierarchies?
parallel distributive processing or connectionism
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the term for the search of cognitive semantic hierarchies?
parallel distributive processing or connectionism
How does semantic priming reduce latency in word-recognition tasks?
It exposes a participant to a particular word without their awareness, and is more quickly recalled later because it has been activated in the semanti...
What is the term for processing that is contained within a larger organizational process, thus happening without additional cognitive effort?
automatic processing
How can information processing be measured while a participant is reading?
Eye movements and gaze durations.
What are saccades?
Movements of the eye between fixation points.
How do hypotheses inform our ideas of concepts?
Hypotheses allow us to test our existing ideas of relatedness, helping us to form new concepts or strengthen the concepts we already have.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the term for the search of cognitive semantic hierarchies? | parallel distributive processing or connectionism |
How does semantic priming reduce latency in word-recognition tasks? | It exposes a participant to a particular word without their awareness, and is more quickly recalled later because it has been activated in the semantic hierarchy. |
What is the term for processing that is contained within a larger organizational process, thus happening without additional cognitive effort? | automatic processing |
How can information processing be measured while a participant is reading? | Eye movements and gaze durations. |
What are saccades? | Movements of the eye between fixation points. |
How do hypotheses inform our ideas of concepts? | Hypotheses allow us to test our existing ideas of relatedness, helping us to form new concepts or strengthen the concepts we already have. |
How can a mental set help or hinder the attempt to solve a problem? | A mental set can be a good framework for solving future problems because it uses existing notions, but it can hinder problem solving by introducing rigidity and refusal to look at other possible ways to reach an outcome. |
What is an organized pattern of ideas, framing the way we see the world called? | schema; Schemas (or schemata) are formed by existing understandings of how the world works. New information either fits into the existing schema or changes it. |
In psychology, what are prototypes? | These are the most representative characteristics of an item or concept. |
When solving a problem, what is the name given to the entirety of solutions possible? | problem space |
Who created the 'logical theorist' and the 'general problem solver' and what did they do? | Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, and they were computer simulation models, which were designed to solve problems the way a human would. |
Though hotly contested, what is a simple definition for intelligence? | The capacity to perform better in an environment by applying knowledge. |
What is base-rate fallacy? | Using personal beliefs or stereotypical attitudes instead of numerical data to form a conclusion. |
Robert Sternberg believed there were three different aspects to intelligence. Name them. | 1. componential: test performance 2. experimental: creativity 3. contextual: street smarts |
What are the seven defined intelligences in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? | 1. linguistic ability 2. logical-mathematical ability 3. spatial ability 4. musical ability 5. bodily-kinesthetic ability 6. interpersonal ability 7. intrapersonal ability Western IQ tests only test linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities. |
What was the name given to Louis Thurstone's seven abilities of intelligence? | primary mental abilities |
What were the two types of mental abilities Raymond Cattell theorized? | 1. fluid intelligence 2. crystallized intelligence |
Fill in the blank: In our youth, ______ intelligence increases as we learn to solve new problems. As we age, we have more ______ intelligence, stemming from schooling or experience. | fluid; crystallized |
What is the main idea behind the prototype theory of categorization? | Prototype theory suggests that people categorize objects by comparing them to an internal 'prototype,' which is an average representation of the category's members. Prototype theory helps explain how individuals can quickly identify category membership based on resemblance to a central example, rather than a set of defining features. |
True or False: Exemplar theory involves comparing new stimuli to multiple examples stored in memory. | True Exemplar theory posits that people categorize objects by comparing them to specific instances they have encountered, rather than to a single prototype or a set of defining features. |
Fill in the blank: The _______ effect refers to how some category members are more easily identified as belonging to a category than others. | typicality Typicality effects indicate that people are faster and more accurate in categorizing items that are typical of a category, as these items closely match the mental representation or prototype of that category. |
List the three main levels of category hierarchies. | Superordinate; Basic; Subordinate; Category hierarchies are structured from broad to specific. The basic level is typically the most informative and preferred in everyday communication, providing a balance of detail and generality. |
What is the main difference between visual and spatial mental imagery? | Visual imagery involves picturing the appearance of an object, while spatial imagery involves understanding how objects are arranged in space. Visual imagery is often linked to processing a scene or object in detail, such as colors and shapes, whereas spatial imagery involves understanding spatial relationships, like navigation or puzzle-solving. |
True or False: Mental imagery can aid in problem-solving and memory enhancement. | True; Mental imagery helps in problem-solving by allowing individuals to visualize steps and outcomes, and it enhances memory by creating vivid associations that are easier to recall. |
Who conducted the seminal studies on mental rotation, and what was the key finding? | Shepard & Metzler; They found that the time it takes to mentally rotate an object is proportional to the angle of rotation. Their study demonstrated that mental rotation involves a spatial process analogous to physically rotating objects, supporting the idea of spatial imagery. |