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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Thinking Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in cognitive psychology related to thinking, including mental processes, problem-solving strategies, decision-making theories, and test reliability.
Fill in the blank: Shepard & Metzler's experiments showed that mental rotation involves a ______ process.
spatial; The experiments highlighted that mental rotation is not just a visual phenomenon but involves understanding spatial relationships as one would with physical objects.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Fill in the blank: Shepard & Metzler's experiments showed that mental rotation involves a ______ process.
spatial; The experiments highlighted that mental rotation is not just a visual phenomenon but involves understanding spatial relationships as one woul...
What is means-ends analysis in problem-solving?
A process that involves identifying the differences between the current state and the goal state, and then creating subgoals to reduce these differenc...
Fill in the blank: Subgoaling is a technique where one creates intermediate steps called ______ to reach a final goal.
subgoals; Subgoaling is effective in tackling large problems by setting smaller, achievable targets that lead incrementally to the overall objective.
True or False: Forward planning involves starting from the end goal and working backward to determine the necessary steps.
False; Forward planning starts from the initial state and progresses toward the goal. In contrast, backward planning starts with the goal and works ba...
Define: metacognitive knowledge
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Metacognitive knowledge involves knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies...
True or False: Monitoring processes in metacognition involve evaluating the effectiveness of one's learning strategies.
True Monitoring processes involve checking and assessing one's cognitive activities in learning. This can include self-testing or evaluating whether t...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Fill in the blank: Shepard & Metzler's experiments showed that mental rotation involves a ______ process. | spatial; The experiments highlighted that mental rotation is not just a visual phenomenon but involves understanding spatial relationships as one would with physical objects. |
What is means-ends analysis in problem-solving? | A process that involves identifying the differences between the current state and the goal state, and then creating subgoals to reduce these differences. Means-ends analysis is a critical problem-solving strategy that helps break down complex problems into manageable parts by focusing on reducing the gap between the current situation and the desired outcome. |
Fill in the blank: Subgoaling is a technique where one creates intermediate steps called ______ to reach a final goal. | subgoals; Subgoaling is effective in tackling large problems by setting smaller, achievable targets that lead incrementally to the overall objective. |
True or False: Forward planning involves starting from the end goal and working backward to determine the necessary steps. | False; Forward planning starts from the initial state and progresses toward the goal. In contrast, backward planning starts with the goal and works backward to determine the steps needed to achieve it. |
Define: metacognitive knowledge | Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Metacognitive knowledge involves knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or problem-solving. It includes understanding your cognitive processes like attention, memory, and comprehension. |
True or False: Monitoring processes in metacognition involve evaluating the effectiveness of one's learning strategies. | True Monitoring processes involve checking and assessing one's cognitive activities in learning. This can include self-testing or evaluating whether the strategies used are effective in understanding and remembering information. |
Fill in the blank: ________ processes refer to the modifications one makes in their strategies to improve learning outcomes. | Control; Control processes involve the decisions and changes one makes to adapt or alter strategies based on the monitoring results. This can include changing study methods or allocating more time to difficult topics. |
What is the 'value function' according to Kahneman & Tversky's Prospect Theory? | Concave for gains; Convex for losses; Steeper for losses than gains; The value function in Prospect Theory demonstrates how people perceive gains and losses differently, with losses having a larger psychological impact than an equivalent amount of gains. This asymmetry is crucial for understanding decision-making under risk. |
True or False: According to Kahneman & Tversky, people are more sensitive to losses than to gains. | True This concept is known as 'loss aversion.' It suggests that the pain of losing is psychologically more powerful than the pleasure of gaining, influencing decision-making processes significantly. |
How do framing effects influence choices in decision-making scenarios? | Presentation of options as gains or losses; The context in which information is presented; Framing effects illustrate how the same decision can lead to different outcomes depending on whether the information is framed positively (as gains) or negatively (as losses), highlighting the importance of context in decision-making. |
What is the Flynn effect? | The Flynn effect refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time across the world. Named after James R. Flynn, the Flynn effect suggests that IQ scores have increased approximately 3 points per decade globally, attributed to factors like improved nutrition, education, and complex environmental demands. |
True or False: Test bias occurs when a test systematically disadvantages a particular group. | True Test bias implies that the test's validity is compromised for certain groups, leading to unfair disadvantages based on cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic differences rather than actual differences in the trait being measured. |
List three factors that can affect the reliability of a psychological test. | Clarity of instructions (unclear directions lower consistency); Test conditions (noise, distractions, or inconsistent environments reduce reliability); Scoring procedures (subjectivity or inconsistent application of scoring rules can affect results) Reliability means the consistency of a test’s results. Different types of reliability include test–retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency, which are ways of measuring reliability rather than factors that affect it. |