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GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on infant reflexes, Piaget's stages of development, and Vygotsky's theories.
When an infant's head is suddenly moved, the infant's limbs will splay out, they will extend their limbs, and then hug themselves. This exemplifies which infantile reflex?
Moro reflex
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
When an infant's head is suddenly moved, the infant's limbs will splay out, they will extend their limbs, and then hug themselves. This exemplifies which infantile reflex?
Moro reflex
What is the head-turning, or rooting, reflex?
The response elicited by touching the baby's cheek.
Which reflex is triggered by placing something in the baby's mouth?
sucking reflex
Fill in the blank: ______ development refers to the learning, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving development.
Cognitive
Jean Piaget's developmental theory is based on what concept?
A child's attempt to reach a balance between what he encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures he brings to the situation (equilibra...
What is one way through which children attempt to reach equilibration, according to Piaget's theory?
Assimilation, understanding new information based on a pre-existing schema.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
When an infant's head is suddenly moved, the infant's limbs will splay out, they will extend their limbs, and then hug themselves. This exemplifies which infantile reflex? | Moro reflex |
What is the head-turning, or rooting, reflex? | The response elicited by touching the baby's cheek. |
Which reflex is triggered by placing something in the baby's mouth? | sucking reflex |
Fill in the blank: ______ development refers to the learning, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving development. | Cognitive |
Jean Piaget's developmental theory is based on what concept? | A child's attempt to reach a balance between what he encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures he brings to the situation (equilibration). |
What is one way through which children attempt to reach equilibration, according to Piaget's theory? | Assimilation, understanding new information based on a pre-existing schema. |
Fill in the blank: Assimilation involves incorporating new ideas into already-existing mental representations, or ______. | schemas |
What process must a child undergo when faced with information that does not easily fit into an existing schema? | accommodation |
What are Piaget's stages of development? | 1. sensorimotor 2. pre-operational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational |
Reflexive reactions and circular reactions (repeated behaviors through which the infant manipulates the environment) are typical in which of Piaget's stages of development? | sensorimotor stage |
Fill in the blank: The pre-operational stage of Piaget's theory of development is characterized by the shift to ______ ______, the ability to use words to substitute for objects. | symbolic thinking |
What two important concepts appear during Piaget's concrete operational stage? | 1. reversibility 2. conservation |
Define: Reversibility | This is the understanding that many mathematical and practical operations can be reversed. |
If I have a set amount of water that I pour into different sized glasses, a child in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of development will understand that the amount of water has not changed just because it was arranged differently. This demonstrates the child's understanding of what concept? | conservation |
Which stage in Piaget's stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking? | formal operational stage |
If a toy disappears from a child's field of view, the child will continue to look for it. This exemplifies the development of which process during the sensorimotor stage? | object permanence |
Fill in the blank. The inability to see the world from anyone else's point of view is ______. | egocentrism |
If your nephew believes that his stuffed animal is alive, he is subscribing to what belief, found in Piaget's pre-operational stage? | animism |
What two abilities does a child at Piaget's formal operational stage acquire? | 1. metacognition 2. hypothetical reasoning |
What are the six basic things to know about Piaget? | 1. The child's interaction with the physical world leads to logical cognition. 2. He has a stage theory and going through the stages leads to qualitative changes in the way you reason. 3. Universal: everyone develops the same way and culture has only a small role. 4. The mind is active. 5. Functional part of his theory has assimilation and accommodation. 6. Structural part of his theory has schemas and operations. |
What is metacognition? | The ability to recognize one's cognitive processes and change or adapt those processes if necessary. |
Fill in the blank. The opposite of egocentrism, the ______ ______ ______, develops around age 4 and allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do, such as being able to recognize that a fictional character in a situation may not have the same understanding of a situation as they do. | theory of mind |
How do psychologists test theory of mind? | false-belief task |
Who was the theorist responsible for stressing social factors as critical for developmental processes? | Lev Vygotsky |
What is internalization? | It is the absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts. |