Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 3
GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on theories by Vygotsky, Erikson, and attachment theories, among others.
Fill in the blank: According to Vygotsky, the ______ ______ ______ development is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable.
zone of proximal
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Fill in the blank: According to Vygotsky, the ______ ______ ______ development is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable.
zone of proximal
Vygotsky proposed that a child realizes his potential through a process that allows him to move across the zone of proximal development by being helped by a peer. What is this process?
scaffolding
Fill in the blanks: As people get older, they show a decrease in ______ intelligence, marked by the ability to think in abstract concepts and symbolic relationships. This is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in ______ intelligence, marked by specific knowledge of facts and information.
fluid; crystallized
Which theorist is credited with successfully championing the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime?
Erik Erikson
Which theorist developed a theory that viewed development as a series of 'conflicts' that must be resolved?
Erik Erikson
What are the eight stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
1. trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy v...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Fill in the blank: According to Vygotsky, the ______ ______ ______ development is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable. | zone of proximal |
Vygotsky proposed that a child realizes his potential through a process that allows him to move across the zone of proximal development by being helped by a peer. What is this process? | scaffolding |
Fill in the blanks: As people get older, they show a decrease in ______ intelligence, marked by the ability to think in abstract concepts and symbolic relationships. This is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in ______ intelligence, marked by specific knowledge of facts and information. | fluid; crystallized |
Which theorist is credited with successfully championing the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime? | Erik Erikson |
Which theorist developed a theory that viewed development as a series of 'conflicts' that must be resolved? | Erik Erikson |
What are the eight stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? | 1. trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair |
Name and describe the first stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory. | trust vs. mistrust During this time, babies learn whether they can trust their environment and their caregivers to provide them with the things they need for survival. |
Which of Erikson's stages is marked by potty training and temper tantrums? | autonomy vs. shame and doubt This is the stage when children begin asserting their control over their bodies and behaviors, usually ages 1-3 years old. |
If your little brother asks, 'why?' about everything you do, which of Erikson's stages is he likely in? | initiative vs. guilt This is the stage where children try to understand the world around them, and asking questions helps them solve problems, ages 3-6. |
What psychosocial stage begins in first grade, and is characterized by children comparing themselves to others more regularly than before (meaning they need more positive reinforcement)? | industry vs. inferiority |
The successful resolution of which one of Erikson's stages results in fidelity, or truthfulness to oneself? | identity vs. role confusion |
From around 21-40 years of age, we attempt to find and navigate meaningful relationships. What stage is this? | intimacy vs. isolation |
Fill in the blanks: The drive to be productive in one's career and at home, and to leave our 'mark' on the world is ______. While 'solving' this can induce feelings of accomplishment, failure to resolve the stage can produce feelings of isolation or ______. | generativity; stagnation |
Which stage occurs during old age and involves coming to terms with successes and failures? | integrity vs. despair |
Which 1950s researcher was able to demonstrate that rhesus monkeys need comfort and security just as much as food? | Harry Harlow |
John Bowlby is considered to be the father of what theory? | attachment theory |
What tendency is defined as the preference of specific familiar individuals over others in infants? | attachment |
Describe the idea of self-referencing. | Self-referencing is to observe the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance. |
According to Mary Ainsworth, there are three types of infant attachment patterns. What are they? | 1. secure 2. insecure/resistant 3. insecure/avoidant There is also a 'disorganized' type of attachment, in which the child behaves erratically. |
This type of attachment, in which the child uses the parent for support, is the most common. What is it? | secure attachment |
What behaviors are consistent with anxiously/ambivalently attached babies in the strange situation experiment? | These babies often show signs of distress when parents leave the room, but resist or refuse comforting from them when they return. |
During the strange situation experiment, how do children with avoidant attachment behave? | Avoidant children do not receive a lot of affection from their parents. There is especially a lack of comfort when the child is hurt or sick. When the parent returns from being away, avoidant children will not seek comfort from their parent. |
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment using the 'strange situation.' What is the 'strange situation'? | The parent or primary guardian leaves a child with a stranger and then returns, observing behavior in absentia. This allows researchers to see the infant's style of attachment. |
Name the three types of parenting styles. | 1. authoritarian 2. authoritative 3. permissive |
If a child is routinely spanked for disobedience and lacks curiosity and decision-making capabilities, what parenting style do her parents most likely identify with? | authoritarian |