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GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 6
This deck covers key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on infant behavior, cognitive development, and motor milestones.
Fill in the blank: When toddlers say things like 'the cat runned' when they previously said 'the cat ran' after learning about past tense verbs, this is an example of ______ ______ ______.
errors of growth
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Fill in the blank: When toddlers say things like 'the cat runned' when they previously said 'the cat ran' after learning about past tense verbs, this is an example of ______ ______ ______.
errors of growth
Describe: the case study of Genie
Genie was a feral child who had been completely isolated from other human beings from the age of 2-13. She was unable to completely learn all aspects ...
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, what are the three kinds of infant temperaments?
1. easy 2. slow to warm up 3. difficult
Name three research methods that are most commonly used for studying infants.
1. observing infant behavior in the laboratory 2. observing infants in natural settings, such as the home 3. from reports written by the parents/ care...
What did Wolff discover by analyzing infant cry patterns?
He discovered that there are three basic kinds of cries that an infant uses: pain, anger, and a basic cry (usually because of hunger). He also found t...
Define: social smiling
It is the ability of young infants to smile as a method of communication before they can talk. After five months of age, only familiar faces will caus...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Fill in the blank: When toddlers say things like 'the cat runned' when they previously said 'the cat ran' after learning about past tense verbs, this is an example of ______ ______ ______. | errors of growth |
Describe: the case study of Genie | Genie was a feral child who had been completely isolated from other human beings from the age of 2-13. She was unable to completely learn all aspects of language, which suggested that there was a critical period in youth in which a child must learn language, or loses the capability. |
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, what are the three kinds of infant temperaments? | 1. easy 2. slow to warm up 3. difficult |
Name three research methods that are most commonly used for studying infants. | 1. observing infant behavior in the laboratory 2. observing infants in natural settings, such as the home 3. from reports written by the parents/ caregivers |
What did Wolff discover by analyzing infant cry patterns? | He discovered that there are three basic kinds of cries that an infant uses: pain, anger, and a basic cry (usually because of hunger). He also found that parents and non-parent adults alike will respond physiologically to infant cries through increased heart rates. |
Define: social smiling | It is the ability of young infants to smile as a method of communication before they can talk. After five months of age, only familiar faces will cause the baby to exhibit a social smile. |
Explain how the fear response changes as the infant ages. | Initially, anything can provoke a fear response in the infant, such as a sudden change in stimulus. Eventually, the infant will only demonstrate a fear response when a specific caregiver disappears or a previously harmful stimulus reappears. |
What does Konrad Lorenz's work on imprinting teach us about the way infants bond? | He found that imprinting occurs during specific critical periods in organisms' life, which he abstracted to the lives of humans- they, too, have critical periods for forming healthy attachments to parental figures. |
Define: Imprinting | Imprinting is the process by which baby birds and other creatures recognize and become attached to their caregivers, such as when baby birds learn to recognize and bond with their mothers from birth. |
What are some major differences between fathers and mothers? | Fathers tend to play dynamically with children, often engaged in sports or rough-housing; mothers tend to spend more time talking to the children, and will have more verbal than physical interactions with their children. |
What is the typical age range for a child to start rolling over? | 4 to 6 months Rolling over is often one of the first major motor milestones. It indicates the development of muscle strength and coordination. |
At what age do most children begin to sit without support? | Around 6 to 8 months Sitting without support requires significant control of the trunk muscles and is a precursor to more complex motor skills like crawling. |
True or False: Most children begin crawling before they can sit without support. | False Typically, children develop the ability to sit without support before they begin crawling, as sitting requires less coordination and strength. |
By what age do most children start walking independently? | 12 to 15 months Walking independently marks a crucial transition in motor skill development, allowing for greater exploration and interaction with the environment. |
Define: proximodistal growth pattern | Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. This pattern explains why infants gain control over their shoulder movements before their hands and fingers. |
What is the cephalocaudal growth pattern? | Development occurs from the head downwards. This pattern is evident as infants gain control over head and neck movements before they can control their legs and feet. |
Place in order: crawling; rolling over; walking; sitting without support | rolling over; sitting without support; crawling; walking; This sequence reflects the typical progression of motor milestones in early childhood development. |
Fill in the blank: In the ______ growth pattern, infants gain control of their upper body movements before their lower body. | cephalocaudal; The cephalocaudal pattern demonstrates the priority of head and upper body control in early development. |
What is the purpose of the visual cliff experiment? | To study depth perception in infants and animals. Developed by Eleanor J. Gibson and Richard D. Walk in 1960, the visual cliff experiment uses a glass-covered drop-off to test whether infants can perceive depth and avoid the 'cliff.' |
True or False: Infants show no preference for patterns over solid colors in preferential-looking tasks. | False Preferential-looking tasks reveal that infants are more interested in patterns and complex stimuli, indicating visual preference and discrimination abilities. |
Define habituation in the context of infant cognition studies. | Habituation is the decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Habituation shows that infants recognize familiar stimuli and demonstrates their learning and memory capabilities. |
What does dishabituation indicate in an infant's cognitive process? | Recognition of a change or new stimulus. Dishabituation occurs when an infant responds with increased interest to a new stimulus, showing they differentiate between old and new stimuli. |
Fill in the blank: In preferential-looking tasks, infants are shown two stimuli simultaneously to measure their ______ ______. | visual preference This method measures which stimulus an infant looks at longer, providing insights into their perceptual and cognitive development. |
Name two methods used to investigate infant auditory discrimination. | High-amplitude sucking; Head-turn preference; These methods assess how infants differentiate between sounds by measuring their physical responses, such as sucking rate or head orientation. |
How do researchers measure depth perception using the visual cliff? | By observing whether infants will crawl over a perceived drop-off. The visual cliff consists of a glass surface that appears to drop off, and infants' reluctance to cross it suggests depth perception ability. |