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GRE® Psychology Social: Various Topics Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in social psychology, including heuristics, theories of self-perception, social facilitation, and more, as outlined in GRE® Psychology Social: Various Topics Part 4.
What is an availability heuristic?
You judge the first things that come to mind as the most important because they are more salient. For example, people may think air travel is more dangerous than car travel because they see more news stories about plane crashes than car accidents, so plane crashes come to mind first.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is an availability heuristic?
You judge the first things that come to mind as the most important because they are more salient. For example, people may think air travel is more dan...
How can a representativeness heuristic lead to stereotyping?
Representativeness heuristics take information we have already conceptualized with prototypes and applying them to all situations to make a judgment. ...
Who is the social psychologist most closely associated with cognitive dissonance theory?
Leon Festinger
Who is the social psychologist most closely linked with self-perception theory?
Daryl Bem
How does Bem's self-perception theory contrast with Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?
Festinger believes that actions are born of beliefs, rather than the other way around. Bem believes that people who are uncertain of their beliefs may...
The fear of making one's passion one's job and losing passion for it is known in social psychology as what?
The overjustification effect assumes that we have to be paid for our jobs because we don't want to do them. Therefore, if we are paid for something we...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is an availability heuristic? | You judge the first things that come to mind as the most important because they are more salient. For example, people may think air travel is more dangerous than car travel because they see more news stories about plane crashes than car accidents, so plane crashes come to mind first. |
How can a representativeness heuristic lead to stereotyping? | Representativeness heuristics take information we have already conceptualized with prototypes and applying them to all situations to make a judgment. If your prototype of a specific group is negative because of one person in that group, it could lead to incorrectly stereotyping the whole group. |
Who is the social psychologist most closely associated with cognitive dissonance theory? | Leon Festinger |
Who is the social psychologist most closely linked with self-perception theory? | Daryl Bem |
How does Bem's self-perception theory contrast with Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory? | Festinger believes that actions are born of beliefs, rather than the other way around. Bem believes that people who are uncertain of their beliefs may consider their behavior for better understanding. |
The fear of making one's passion one's job and losing passion for it is known in social psychology as what? | The overjustification effect assumes that we have to be paid for our jobs because we don't want to do them. Therefore, if we are paid for something we love, we will lose our passion for it. This is part of the self-perception theory. |
Why would social psychology explain why we might like a rags-to-riches story more than a consistently happy story? | The gain-loss theory believes that we like 'gain' more than consistency, so a consistently happy story would have no 'gain' and a rags-to-riches story would start sad but end up happy, with more 'gain.' |
Fill in the blanks: Social exchange theory asserts that our interactions are such that they minimize ______ and maximize ______. | costs; rewards |
What are the two facets of self-presentation? | 1. self-monitoring 2. impression management Self-presentation influences our behavior so that we are accepted by others. |
What is self-monitoring? | When people pay attention to and modify their own behaviors, often to be more favorable to others. |
What is impression management? | Acting in ways that are perceived favorably by others. |
According to the theory of social facilitation, what helps or hinder performance on tasks? | the presence of others |
What did Robert Zajonc find about social facilitation? | Other people around improves performance on easy tasks, but worsens performance on difficult tasks. |
The process of evaluating your own abilities, actions, and ideas against others' is known as what? | social comparison |
According to the theory of social comparison, why is mainstreaming children with disabilities a bad idea? | Social comparisons are made to others in the immediate surroundings, so children with disabilities might compare themselves to children without disabilities and develop low self-esteem. |
According to Stanley Milgram, why would New Yorkers be considered rude and standoffish, as compared to people from less populated areas? | The stimulus overload theory believes that people in densely populated areas are less prosocial because they have excessive stimuli and can't handle any more. |
Fill in the blanks: Constant communication between people, or ______ ______ influences behavior. | reciprocal interaction |
What theory states that a person who is grossly overpaid for his job will be more uncomfortable than a person who is fairly paid for his job? | Equity theory asserts that we are most comfortable in situations where both rewards and punishments are equitable or logical. |
Who is known for his prisoner's dilemma and trucking company game studies? | Morton Deutsch |
What are the three main factors in the prisoner's dilemma and trucking company game studies? | 1. cooperation 2. competition 3. trust; Prisoners must trust that their cohort will cooperate with their plan, and trucking companies must trust that the other company will not break the deal and compete for business. |