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GRE® Psychology Social: Various Topics Part 5
This deck covers key concepts in social psychology, including conformity, persuasion, group behavior, and emotional closeness, based on GRE Psychology topics.
What are conditions under which conformity is likely?
a majority of the group agrees; the majority is unanimous; there is a concern about losing status with dissent; the situation is occurring publicly; the person conforming isn't committed to other options; the person conforming has low self-esteem
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What are conditions under which conformity is likely?
a majority of the group agrees; the majority is unanimous; there is a concern about losing status with dissent; the situation is occurring publicly; t...
Within the context of conformity, what is the difference between compliance and acceptance?
Compliance occurs when an individual conforms publicly but maintains a dissenting belief. Acceptance occurs when an individual conforms and does not h...
Within the context of conformity, what is a dissenter?
A person who openly opposes the majority.
What are conditions under which conformity will not likely occur?
When it is obvious that the majority is trying to control, reactance may occur. When people are forewarned that they are going to be controlled, they ...
Under what conditions is a speaker likely to influence a listener's beliefs or attitudes?
the speaker is overheard instead of addressing the listener directly; the speaker is involved in a two-way exchange, like a debate; the speaker's mess...
According to R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood, why would a celebrity speaking out for a cause only sway people who were not already heavily involved with the cause?
They argue that people who are deeply involved with an issue or cause will only be persuaded by the strength of an argument and will ignore superficia...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are conditions under which conformity is likely? | a majority of the group agrees; the majority is unanimous; there is a concern about losing status with dissent; the situation is occurring publicly; the person conforming isn't committed to other options; the person conforming has low self-esteem |
Within the context of conformity, what is the difference between compliance and acceptance? | Compliance occurs when an individual conforms publicly but maintains a dissenting belief. Acceptance occurs when an individual conforms and does not have dissenting feelings. |
Within the context of conformity, what is a dissenter? | A person who openly opposes the majority. |
What are conditions under which conformity will not likely occur? | When it is obvious that the majority is trying to control, reactance may occur. When people are forewarned that they are going to be controlled, they withstand the pressure of conformity. |
Under what conditions is a speaker likely to influence a listener's beliefs or attitudes? | the speaker is overheard instead of addressing the listener directly; the speaker is involved in a two-way exchange, like a debate; the speaker's message is emotional, shocking, or evocative of emotion; the speaker is trustworthy or respected; there are similarities between the listener and the speaker; the listener accepts the speaker |
According to R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood, why would a celebrity speaking out for a cause only sway people who were not already heavily involved with the cause? | They argue that people who are deeply involved with an issue or cause will only be persuaded by the strength of an argument and will ignore superficial factors, like the fame or attractiveness of the speaker. |
Why might a negative campaign ad from a source with low credibility still be more effective than a highly persuasive campaign ad from a very credible source? | The sleeper effect is a counterintuitive phenomenon that shows confidence in a message from a source that is less credible will become stronger over time, so an undecided voter may be more strongly swayed. |
Why is McGuire's inoculation theory aptly named? | The theory states that untested beliefs are vulnerable, but beliefs that have been challenged and defended persevere. Like a vaccine, a small challenge makes one's beliefs stronger and more immune to other challenges. |
Why do people take less individual responsibility for group actions as the group gets larger? | As groups get larger, there is a greater diffusion of responsibility among group members, resulting from deindividuation. If nobody is an individual, nobody takes individual responsibility. |
Fill in the blank: According to Zimbardo, ______ behavior is increased in densely populated areas, based on his research with cars left in New York City and Palo Alto, CA. | antisocial |
What did James Stoner suggest about points of view in groups? | He argued that the dominant views are often strengthened and gain unanimity (group polarization). Because of this strengthened point of view, groups are more likely to engage in risky behavior than individuals, called the risky shift. |
What did Kenneth and Mamie Clark's doll studies suggest about segregation? | The studies showed that African-American children in segregated schools thought white dolls were superior to black dolls, and children in integrated schools did not. They argued schools should be integrated because segregation was a cause of low self-esteem. |
According to attraction and liking research, do opposites really attract? | No |
What allows feelings of emotional closeness to grow within a relationship? | Reciprocity of disclosure, or sharing emotions, feelings, and secrets with one another. |
Why should you not go skydiving on a first date? | The excitation-transfer theory argues that physiological arousal will transfer to unrelated areas. If you skydive, you may think the rush you feel is because you like your date, when really you may not like him (or her) at all. |
What are the two coping differentiations made by Richard Lazarus? | 1. problem-focused coping: changing the thing creating stress 2. emotion-focused coping: changing the way you feel about the stressor by controlling emotions |
What is objective self-awareness and what is its counterpart? | It is the ability to attend to our thoughts, actions, feelings, and selves, and it is countered by deindividuation. |
What instrument might a researcher use to increase truthfulness in self-reports? | a bogus pipeline; This is a 'machine' that the respondent believes will notify experimenters to lies or falsifications, thereby reducing the difference between the respondent's actual bias and reported bias. |
What principle believes that people will get promoted at work until they reach a level where they become incompetent, and will ultimately remain in that position? | The Peter Principle |
What did Stuart Valins study, supporting the idea that environment affects behavior? | Valins found men rated women as more attractive when told their heartbeat sped up — showing that beliefs about arousal can shape emotion and behavior. Known as the Valins effect, extending Schachter & Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. |