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GRE® Psychology Social: Various Topics Part 6
This deck covers key concepts from social psychology, including theories of aggression, love, emotion, socialization, and cognitive dissonance.
How does Leonard Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis help explain scapegoating?
It theorizes that when trying to accomplish a task, there will naturally be interference, which causes frustration, further causing aggression. This aggression is frequently misplaced onto others, or scapegoats.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
How does Leonard Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis help explain scapegoating?
It theorizes that when trying to accomplish a task, there will naturally be interference, which causes frustration, further causing aggression. This a...
What did M. Rokeach find with regard to racial bias and belief similarity?
People want to be around others who have similar beliefs and attitudes, rather than people with a similar skin color.
What are the three parts of Fischbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action?
behavioral intention = attitudes toward that behavior + subjective norms
Why is cross-cultural research important for psychology?
Not all cultures are the same, so before something can be considered normal or abnormal, cultural variation must be taken into account to avoid improp...
According to Elaine Hatfield, what are the two types of love?
1. passionate love: accompanied by physiological arousal, characterized by a longing for another 2. companionate love: love for people whose lives are...
According to Paul Ekman, what are the six basic emotions all humans have?
1. happiness 2. sadness 3. fear 4. disgust 5. anger 6. surprise
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
How does Leonard Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis help explain scapegoating? | It theorizes that when trying to accomplish a task, there will naturally be interference, which causes frustration, further causing aggression. This aggression is frequently misplaced onto others, or scapegoats. |
What did M. Rokeach find with regard to racial bias and belief similarity? | People want to be around others who have similar beliefs and attitudes, rather than people with a similar skin color. |
What are the three parts of Fischbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action? | behavioral intention = attitudes toward that behavior + subjective norms |
Why is cross-cultural research important for psychology? | Not all cultures are the same, so before something can be considered normal or abnormal, cultural variation must be taken into account to avoid improper generalization. |
According to Elaine Hatfield, what are the two types of love? | 1. passionate love: accompanied by physiological arousal, characterized by a longing for another 2. companionate love: love for people whose lives are deeply connected with our own Passionate love is seen frequently at the beginnings of relationships, while companionate love is seen in later stages of relationships. |
According to Paul Ekman, what are the six basic emotions all humans have? | 1. happiness 2. sadness 3. fear 4. disgust 5. anger 6. surprise |
What is reciprocal socialization? | Socialization by both parties in a relationship. Parents and children are a good example, as children learn socially accepted behaviors from their parents, and parents learn newer, more current terminology. |
What is the purpose of FACS coding? | The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is used to analyze facial expressions and sort them into emotion categories. It can also analyze whether a smile is genuinely reflective of emotion or not. |
Harold Kelley is known for his view on attribution theory. What were the three parts of this view? | 1. consistency: given a similar situation, would most people react consistently? 2. distinctiveness: would this behavior vary if the situation were slightly or very different? 3. consensus: do most people engage in this behavior given the same situation? |
How did Walter Dill Scott help usher in the use of psychology in business? | He used psychology in advertising to target consumers and he helped the military implement the use of psychological testing for personnel purposes. |
What term, used in industrial/organizational psychology, did Henry Landsberger coin in 1955? | Hawthorne effect; The Hawthorne effect is the phenomenon where people increase workplace productivity if they believe they are being watched. |
What were the phases of group dynamics observed during Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment? | 1. in-group phase: people form bonds with those who are similar 2. friction phase: different in-groups compete with one another 3. integration phase: through superordinate goals, the competing groups work together, reducing intergroup tension. |
What term represents the interplay between humans and technology in work environments? | sociotechnical system |
A cost that will never be recovered and, therefore, should be ignored, is called what? | a sunk cost |
Explain Biddle's role theory. | This theory believes that people have an understanding of the roles they are supposed to fill and change their behavior to fit those roles. |
Briefly explain Heider's balance theory. | When three elements interact, stress will occur if they do not interact harmoniously. If the elements lack balance, an effort will be made to create balance, thereby reducing stress. A way to remember this is by considering the idea that 'the enemy of my enemy is my friend.' Agreeing with the enemy or disagreeing with the friend will create imbalance. |
What are three types of cognitive dissonance? | 1. free-choice dissonance 2. forced-compliance dissonance 3. post-decisional dissonance |
What kind of dissonance occurs when choosing between two or more positive options? | free-choice dissonance |
When would forced-compliance dissonance occur? | When a person is forced to do something that conflicts with their existing attitudes or beliefs. |
How does the spreading of alternatives reduce dissonance? | It emphasizes the positive aspects of a chosen option. If trying to decide between two job applicants, a manager will consider the one she chose to be smarter, more capable, etc., to reduce dissonance. |